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k|ltlglw ;ef / k|b]z ;ef lgjf{rg @)&$

sf+u|];sf] g]t[Tjdf zflGt / ;+ljwfg

sf+u|];s} g]t[Tjdf ;d[l4sf] cleofg

Page 2 of 84

g]kfnL sf+u|];sf]

rf/tf/] em08f

of] s] xf] tn dfly /ftf], cem emg\

aLrdf dfq ;]tf] .

;]tfdf rf/ tf/f km//

uugdf kmkm{/fO/x]sf] ..

dfof df/]/, lhp wg ;'vsf]

b'Mv ef]u]/ gfgf .

g]kfnL dfqnfO{ ;xh ;'v lbg]

jL/sf] xf] lgzfgf ..

:j= >Lk|;fb l3ld/], lr;a\s', ndh'·

-@)!@ ;fnsf] g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] aL/u~h clwj]zgdf k|:t't em08fsf] :t'lt_

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v08 ! /fhgLlts k[i7e"ld )%

!=! >4fGhnL / ;Demgf )%

!=@ k|ltlglw ;ef / k|b]z ;efsf]lgjf{rgsf]dxTj )^

!=# ;+3Lotfsf]sfof{Gjog )*

!=$ ;d;fdlos /fhgLlt / casf]Ph]08f !)

!=% /fli6«o k'ghf{u/0fsf]gofFo'u k|f/De !*

v08 @ P]ltxfl;s lj/f;t / pknlJw @!

@=! g]kfnL sf+u|]; M /fli6«otf / nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngsf];+jfxs @!

@=@ g]kfnL sf+u|]; M ;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf]k|]/s @#

@=# g]kfnL sf+u|]; M nf]stflGqs ;dfhjfb / cfly{s ljsf;sf]cleoGtf @%

v08 # casf] xfd|f] ;+sNk #@

#=! cfly{s ;d[l4sf];+sNk #@

#=@ k"jf{wf/ lj:tf/sf];+sNk $@

#=# ;fdflhs k|ultsf];+sNk $&

#=$ jg–jftfj/0f / ljkb\Joj:yfkgsf];+sNk %$

#=% c;n zf;g k|Tofe"ltsf];+sNk %(

ljz]if v08 k|b]zx¿sf] ;fdYo{ / ;Defjgf ^&

cg';"rL ! sf+u|]; g]t[Tjdf ePsf]ljut @% jif{sf]ljsf; k|ltkmn &*

cg';"rL @ sf+u|];sf]ljsf; b[li6 / nIo M casf]!) jif{df g]kfn &(

cg';"rL # sf+u|];sf]PsLs[t ;fdflhs ;'/Iff cjwf/0ff *!

cg';"rL $ sf+u|]; g}lsg < *@

ljifo;"rL

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cfb/0fLo lbbLalxgL tyf bfh'efOx¿ Û

g]kfnsf];+ljwfg cg';f/ cfufdL d+l;/ !) / d+l;/ @! ut]b'O{r/0fdf k|ltlglw

;ef / k|b]z ;efsf]dxTjk"0f{ lgjf{rg x'Fb}5 . tL lgjf{rgdf dt xfn]/ g]kfnL

hgtfn] klxnf] k6s ;+3Lo ;+/rgf cg';f/sf] k|b]z ;/sf/ / s]Gb|df ;+3Lo

;/sf/sf]lgdf{0f ug]{5f}F . o; cl3 ev{/}xfdLn]hgtfsf]3/b}nf]d}a;]/ sfd

ug]{ :yfgLo ;/sf/ u7gsf nflu dxTjk"0f{ lgjf{rgdf efu lnof}F . cfufdL

lgjf{rgdf dtbfg u/]kl5 xfdLn]tLg j6}txsf];/sf/ agfP/ ;+3Lo ;dfj]zL

nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds g]kfnsf]alnof]hu a;fNg]5f}F.

!=! >4f~hnL / ;Demgf

cfb/0fLo lbbLalxgL–bfh'efOx?,

;ft bzs nfdf]g]kfnsf]sl7g nf]stflGqs ;+3if{ ofqfdf b]zsf y'k|}xf]gxf/

;Gtltn] lxdfn, kxf8, t/fO{–dw]z ;j{q uf}/jk"0f{ zxfbt k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ .

g]kfnL sf+u|]; kf6L{sf y'k|}g]tf / sd{7 ;fyLx?sf]hLjg of]nfdf]nf]stflGqs

cfGbf]ngsf]o1df alnbfg ePsf]5 .

nf]stGqsf];+3if{–ofqfdf xhf/f}F of]4fx?sf]3/–kl/jf/ elTsPsf]5, clg y'k|}

;fyLx?n]h]n, g]n / lgjf{;gsf]kL8f ef]Ug'k/]sf]5 . dfcf]jfbL åGåsf]!! jif{df

nf]stflGqs cf:yfdf cljrlnt /x]sf ;fyLx?n]ef]Ug'ePsf]si6 / ug'{ePsf]

hLjgsf]jlnbfg xfd|f];Demgfdf tfh}5 . o; 38Ldf g]kfnL sf+u|]; ;+3if{sf]

of]uf}/jk"0f{Oltxf;nfO{:d/0f ub}{b]zsf ;Dk"0f{zxLbx?k|lt xflb{s >4f~hnL

ck{0f ub{5 .

o:t}, g]kfnL sf+u|]; kf6L{sf];+u7g / nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngnfO{r'gf}tLk"0f{38Ldf

g]t[Tj ug]{ hggfos ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnf, Tofu / ljåQfsf k|ltd"lt{ ;'j0f{

zDz]/, hgcfGbf]ngsf sdf08/ Pj+ nf}xk'?if u0f]zdfg l;+x, ;Gt g]tf s[i0fk|;fb

e§/fO{, zflGt k|lqmof Pj+ ;+3Lo ;dfj]zL u0ftGq g]kfnsf gfos lul/hfk|;fb

sf]O/fnf, gofF;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf k|d'v cleoGtf ;'zLn sf]O/fnf nufot kf6L{

g]t[Tj / ;fyLx?sf]ljzfn k+lQmsf]of]ubfgnfO{g]kfnL sf+u|]; ;uj{:d/0f ub{5 .

/fhgLlts k[i7e"ld

v08 !

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6

!=@ k|ltlglw ;ef / k|b]z ;efsf] lgjf{rgM

;+ljwfg sfof{Gjogsf] dxTjk"0f{ cf/De

of]lgjf{rgn]g]kfnsf]gofF;+ljwfgnfO{ k"0f{ ?kdf sfof{Gjog ug]{ af6f]df n}hfg]5 .

;dfj]zL nf]stGq, ;Dk|e'hgtfsf]u0ftGq Pj+ ;dtf / ;fdflhs Gofodf cfwfl/t

nf]stflGqs ;dfhjfb / ;d[4 g]kfn lgdf{0fsf]alnof]cfwf/lznf v8f ug]{sfd of]

lgjf{rgn]ug]{5 .

k|b]z ;ef

of]lglj{jfb ;To xf]— nf]stGqn]dfq xfd|f];fdflhs ljljwtfnfO{;d]6\g / ;a}sf]

;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug{;S5 . /fhgLlts, cfly{s / ;fdflhs lje]bx?nfO{cGTo

ug{ Pj+ /fHosf ;a}c+udf ;dfj]lztfsf nflu xfd|f]nf]stflGqs k4ltn]:jfoQ

:yfgLo ;/sf/, k|fb]lzs ;/sf/ / :jzf;gsf]cj;/ l;h{gf u/]sf]5 . hgtfsf]

glhs /x]/ sfd ug]{/ hgtfn]g}glhsaf6 cg'udg ug{;Sg]:yfgLo / k|fb]lzs

;/sf/x?n] bIftf, pQ/bfloTj, hg;xeflutf / kf/blz{tf h:tf e|i6frf/d'Qm

zf;gsf cfwf/ lgdf{0f ug{;S5g\.

b]zsf ljs6 If]q tyf ;LdfGtLs[t ;d'bfo, cNk;+Vos, blnt / lk58f ju{;Dd

;fdflhs Gofo / cfly{s ljsf;sf]k|ltkmn k'¥ofpg tyf hflt, efiff / ;+:s[ltsf]

ljljwtf k|ltlalDjt x'g]u/L klxrfgsf];+/If0f, /fHosf]c+udf kx'Fr, km/flsnf]

k|ltlglwTj, ;fdflhs ;dfgtf / k|lti7fsf]clej[l4 :yfgLo / k|fb]lzs ;/sf/sf

dfWodaf6 ug{];+sNk g]kfnL sf+u|]; JoQm ub{5 .

of]lgjf{rgkl5 ;ft j6}k|b]zdf u7g x'g]k|fb]lzs ;/sf/n];+ljwfgn]lbPsf clwsf/x?

k|of]u ub}{ k|fb]lzs zf;g, k|fb]lzs of]hgf th'{df / ljsf;sf dxTjk"0f{ lg0f{o k|b]z

txd}ug{yfNg]5g\. k|b]zx?sf];fdYo{df pNn]vgLo leGgtf 5 -x]g'{xf];\ljz]if v08_ .

ca k|b]z ;/sf/n]g}k|b]z ljZjljBfno / pRr lzIff, k|b]zleqsf];8s–nf]sdfu{,

s[lif, pBf]uwGbf, ljB't\, l;+rfO, vfg]kfgL, Jofkf/, /fh:j kl/rfng, ljQLo ;+:yf, jg

/ jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg / :jf:Yo ;]jf nufotsf If]qdf dxTjk"0f{gLltut cu|;/tf /

sfof{Gjogsf]lg0f{o ug]{5 . ;+ljwfgn]tf]s]sf ljifodf k|fb]lzs txd}sfg"g lgdf{0f ug{

;Sg]5 . k|b]z txsf]k|x/L k|zf;g, lghfdtL ;]jfsf]u7g Pj+ efiff, ;+:s[ltsf];+/If0fdf

k|b]z ;/sf/n] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{5 . o;/L k|fb]lzs ;/sf/ :jzf;gsf]

nf]stflGqs cEof; ug]{hgtfsf]glhssf]csf]{dxTjk"0f{;/sf/ x'g]5 .

k|fb]lzs ;/sf/ lgdf{0f / k|fb]lzs txdf ljsf;sf]dfu{lrq sf]g]{ of]k|b]z ;efdf

g]kfnL sf+u|];nfO{jx'dt k|bfg u/L lhtfpFbf dfq nf]stGqsf]hu alnof]jGg]5 /

k|b]zdf cfly{s ljsf;sf sfd rfF8f]/ lbuf]?kdf ;DkGg x'g]5g\.

Page 7 of 84

7

k|ltlglw ;ef

xfd|f];+ljwfgn];+3Lo ;+;b\/fli6«o ;ef / k|ltlglw ;ef gfdsf b'O{j6f ;bg ldn]/

aGg]Joj:yf u/]sf]5 . cfufdL d+l;/df k|b]z ;ef;Fu}s]Gb|sf]k|ltlglw ;efsf

;f+;b lgjf{lrt x'g]5g\. /fli6«o ;efsf ;b:ox? s]xL ;dokl5 k|b]z ;efsf ;b:o

/ :yfgLo txsf k|d'v—pkk|d'v, cWoIf–pkfWoIfn]dtbfg u/L lgjf{lrt x'g]5g\.

k|ltlglw ;ef ;b:osf nflu clxn]s"n !^% ;+;bLo If]qdf klxnf]x'g]g}r'lgg]

lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cGtu{t r'gfj x'Fb}5 . o;sf ;fy};dfg'kflts k|0ffnLtkm{sf]

dtkqdf cfkm'n]dg k/fPsf]kf6L{nfO{dtbfg u/L xfdLn]k|ltlglw;efdf yk !!)

;dfg'kflts ;b:osf]lgjf{rg ug]{5f}F. xfd|f];+ljwfg cg';f/ k|ltlglw;efdf ax'dt

k|fKt ug]{ ;b:o k|wfgdGqLdf lgo'Qm x'g]5 / p;sf]g]t[Tjdf dlGqkl/ifb\sf]u7g

x'g]5 . ;+ljwfgsf]sfof{Gjog, ;+3Lotfsf]dd{cg';f/sf]zf;g–k|aGw / tLg}txsf]

;/sf/;Fu ;xof]u / ;dGjo Pj+ cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu s]Gb|sf];/sf/n]dxTjk"0f{

e"ldsf v]Ng'kg]{ x'G5 .

;ft bzsb]lv hgtfn]nf]stGqsf nflu u/]sf];+3if{/ To;sf pknlAw hf]ufpg,

dfcf]jfbL lx+;fTds åGå, dw]z–kxf8sf ljleGg cfGbf]ngsf 3fpdf dnxd nufpg

s]Gb| ;/sf/n] ljj]s / ;+odsf ;fy sfd ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf ;fy}, cfly{s

ljsf;nfO{ tLj|tfsf ;fy cl3 j9fpg], k5fl8 k/]sf If]q / ul/aLsf]df/df k/]sf

hgtfnfO{ cfo cfh{gsf cj;/ lbnfpg], /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug]{ / ;fdflhs Gofo

:yflkt ug]{sfd klg s]Gb|sf];/sf/n]ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

xfd|f]/fli6«o :jfwLgtf, :jtGqtf / ;fj{ef}d;Qfsf] b[9tfk"j{s /Iff ub}{ l5d]sL

b]zx?, ldq/fi6«x? / cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfx?;Fu ;Gt'lnt / e/kbf]{;DaGw sfod /fVg]

dxTjk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L klg s]Gb|sf];/sf/n]lgjf{x ug'{kg]{x'G5 . /fli6«o ;'/Iff / ;]gf

;DaGwL ljifo, cfGtl/s zflGt–;'/Iff / k|x/L k|zf;g, s]Gb|Lo a}+s, d'b|f / ljlQo

aGbf]j:t, cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw / ;Demf}tf, ;+3Lo lghfdtL ;]jf, /fh:j kl/rfng—

eG;f/, cGt z'Ns, d"No clej[l4 s/, cfo s/ h:tf k|d'v s/x?, s]Gb|Lo :t/sf

7"nf ljsf; cfof]hgf, ;8s, l;+rfO{ / pmhf{, cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/, cGt/f{li6«o

ljdfg:yn, gful/stf, /fxbfgL, cWofudg, ;+j}wflgs lgsfo / cfof]ux? h:tf

dxTjk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L s]Gb|;/sf/sf]clwsf/ If]qleq /x]sf 5g\.

To;}n]s]Gb|df l:y/, alnof]/ e/kbf]{ nf]stflGqs ;/sf/ lgdf{0f ug]{, ;dfj]zL

k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ug]{, tLj|ultdf cfly{s ljsf; ug]{/ k|fb]lzs :jfoQ zf;g

alnof]/ ;+:yfut x'g] o:tf] dxTjk"0f{ lgjf{rgdf dtbfg ubf{ xfdLn] xtf/df

/ efj'stfdf lg0f{o ug'{ x'Fb}g . s'g kf6L{n]nf]stGqnfO{cem alnof]agfpg /

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8

hgtfsf clwsf/nfO{lg/Gt/ ;+/If0f ug{;S5 < s'g kf6L{n]ljleGg hflt, efiff

/ ;+:s[lt Pj+ hgtfsf aLrdf Pstf / ;b\efj sfod /fv]/ /fli6«o Pstf alnof]

agfpg ;S5 < s'g kf6L{n]b]zdf emu8f / lx+;f km}nfpg xf]Og— lbuf]zflGt /

ljsf;sf nflu sfd u/]sf]5 / ug{;S5 < oL k|Zgx?df ljrf/ u/]/ dfq dtbfgsf]

lg0f{o ug'{x'g xfdL ;Dk"0f{dtbftfx?df ckLn ub{5f}.

sDo'lgi6x? nf]stGqsf kIfdf slxNo} lgi7fk"j{s pleb}gg\ – ltgn] s]jn

nf]stGqnfO{ pkof]u u/]/ ;fDojfb Nofpg]r]i6f u5{g\. sDo'lgi6x? cfly{s

ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos kg]{lghL If]qsf]nufgL / Ifdtfdfly e/f];f ub}{gg\–ltgn]

s]an /fHojn k|of]u u/]/ lgoGq0f ug{ vf]H5g\. sDo'lgi6x? zflGtsf kIfw/

x'Fb}gg\– ltgn]lx+;f, JolQm xTof / /fHo cft+s l;h{gf ug]{u5{g\. sDo'lgi6x?

ax'njfb, jx'ljrf/ / jx'bnLotfnfO{ x[boaf6 :jLsf/ ub}{gg\–ltgn]PsbnLo

lg/+s'z sDo'lgi6 zf;gsf]jsfnt ub{5g\.

g]kfnL sf+u|]; ljut &! jif{b]lv nf]stGq :yfkgf ug{hgtfsf];fyL / ;f/ly /xb}

cfPsf]5 . hxfFgLo /f0ff zf;gsf lj?4 n8\bf g]kfnL sf+u|];, /fhfsf]:j]R5frf/L

zf;gsf lj?4 n8\bf g]kfnL sf+u|];, dfcf]jfbLsf]P3f/ jif]{ lx+;fTds åGå ;dfwfg

ug{ g]kfnL sf+u|];, ;+ljwfg;efaf6 ;+ljwfg hf/L ug{ g]kfnL sf+u|];, dw]zL, yf?,

cflbjf;L hghfltsf d2f / cfGbf]ng ;Djf]wg ug{ g]kfnL sf+u|];, /fli6«otf /

/fli6«o Pstf hf]ufpg]lhDd]jf/L jxg ug]{ g]kfnL sf+u|]; clg ;du|b]zsf]ljsf;

k|lqmofnfO{ cl3 j9fpg]g]kfnL sf+u|]; . of]P]ltxfl;s kf6L{ g]kfnL sf+u|]; b]zsf

;fd'cfpg] x/]s r'gf}tL / ;d:of ;dfwfg ub}{ hgtfsf]e/kbf]{ kf6L{sf ?kdf

:yflkt ePsf]5 . To;}n]of]dxTjk"0f{ lgjf{rgdf g]kfnL sf+u|]; kf6L{nfO{cTolws

ax'dtn]lhtfpg xfdL ;Dk"0f{ lbbLalxgL bfh'efOx?nfO{ xflb{s cfJxfg ub{5f}+ .

!=# ;+3Lotfsf] sfof{Gjog M r'gf}tL / cj;/

;+3Lotf / ;dfj]lztf gofF ;+ljwfg sfof{Gjogsf] dxTjk"0f{ sfo{;"rL xf] .

g]kfnsf] Gofok"0f{, ;d'Ggt / ;dfj]zL ;dfhsf] ;+/rgfsf nflu / ;fdflhs

Gofo ;lxtsf] cfly{s ;d[l4sf nflu ;+3Lotf P]ltxfl;s r'gf}tL / ;Defjgf

af]s]sf]cj;/ klg xf].

d'n'ssf]lglDt ;+3Lotfsf];'vb kl/0ffd o;sf]a'l4dtfk"0f{Joj:yfkgdf lge{/

ub{5 . ;+3Lotfsf];+j}wflgs k|of]u g]kfnsf nflu klxnf]ePsf]n]o;sf];kmn

Joj:yfkgsf lglDt ;+ljwfgsf]dd{/ efjgf cg'?k cfjZos sfg"gL / gLltut

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Page 9 of 84

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bnx?, lj1 ju{tyf hgtfsf k|ltlglw ;+:yfx?;+u ;Djfb, k/fdz{/ ;xsfo{ub}{

;+3Lo /fHok|0ffnLsf]k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkgsf lglDt k|lta4 /x]sf]3f]if0ff ub{5 .

g]kfnL sf+u|];n] ;+ljwfgn] lglb{i6 u/] adf]lhd ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo tx;+u

;xsfo{, ;x–cl:tTj / ;dfgtfsf]l;4fGtsf cfwf/df cGt/tx ;DaGw ljsf;

ug{ k|]l/t ug]{5 . o;sf ;fy}g]kfnL sf+u|];n];+3 / k|b]zdf lgjf{lrt ;/sf/sf

dfWodaf6 lgDg lnlvt sfg"gL / gLltut k|jGw ug]{5 M

n ;+ljwfg sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ P]g–sfg"gx?sf]lgdf{0f ug'{sf ;fy}

k|b]z / :yfgLo txnfO{;d]t dfu{bz{s dfkb08x? lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . ;fdflhs

kl/rfngsf] dfWodaf6 hgtfsf] ;zStLs/0f ul/g]5 / hg–cfsf+IffnfO{

;Daf]wg ug{;Sg]u/L x/]s txsf];+:yfut / JolQmut Ifdtf ljsf; ul/g]5 .

n :yfgLo txsf]k|efjsf/L ;+rfng / ;+ljwfg sfof{GjognfO{Wofgdf /fv]/

g]kfnL sf+u|]; g]t[Tjsf]jt{dfg ;/sf/n]:yfgLo tx ;+rfng ;DaGwL sfg"g ev{/}sfof{Gjogdf Nofof]. o;sf ;fy}!^$ jif{ k'/fgf]d'nsL P]gnfO{

k|lt:yflkt ug]{bzsf}+b]lvsf]k|oTg g]kfnL sf+u|]; g]t[Tjsf]jt{dfg ;/sf/n]

k'/f u/]sf]5 . d'nsL P]gsf]k|lt:yfkg u/L cfPsf]gofFsfg"gL Joj:yfn]

;+ljwfgsf]dd{/ efjgf cg';f/ ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf ljlwsf]zf;gnfO{;'b[9

ug]{5 . d'n'sL P]gn];jf]{Rr JolQmb]lv ;fwf/0f gful/s;Ddsf]hGdb]lv

d/0f;Ddsf]Jojxf/nfO{ ljlwdf 9fn]sf]lyof]. b]zdf ;ft k6s ;+ljwfg

km]l/P klg d'n'sL P]g nfdf];dob]lv g}h:tfsf] t:t}sfof{Gjogdf /xL

cfPsf]lyof]. Jofks k|efj ePsf]d'n'sL P]gsf k|fjwfgx?nfO{cfw'lgs /

;do ;'xfpbf]agfpg]tyf ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 ePsf JofVof / k|ltkflbt

l;4fGtnfO{;dfj]z u/]/ b]jfgL ;+lxtf, b]jfgL sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf, ck/fw ;+lxtf,

kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf tyf kmf}hbf/L s;'/df ;hfoFlgwf{/0f ;DaGwL P]g

;d]t u/L kfFrj6f sfg"g g]kfnL sf+u|]; ;/sf/sf]kxndf kfl/t ePsf]5 .

n /fli6«o k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf ljQ cfof]usf]u7g Pj+ ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f u/L

;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf cGt/–;/sf/L ljQLo ;DjGwdf cfpg]ljjfbx?sf]

;dfwfg ul/g]5 . o;sf ;fy}ljQLo x:tfGt/0f tyf k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf]kl/rfng

Pj+/fh:j jfF8kmfF8 tyf d'n'ssf];dli6ut cy{tGqsf]ljZn]if0f u/L x/]s txn]

kl/rfng ug]{ cfGtl/s C0fsf]dfkb08 ;d]t l;kmfl/; ug{ ;Ifd ;+j}wflgs

e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{;Sg];+:yfsf]?kdf cfof]usf]Ifdtf clea[l4 ul/g]5 .

n k|b]zsf /fhwfgLx?df ejg nufot Go"gtd ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf; tyf

;+:yfut ljsf; sfo{x?df ;xof]u k'¥ofO{ k|b]z ;/sf/nfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf

cfˆgf]sfo{;+rfng / ;]jf k|jfx ug{;Sg]agfOg]5 .

n k|To]s ufpFkflnsf tyf gu/kflnsf s]Gb|;Dd kSsL ;8ssf]Joj:yf ug'{sf

;fy}ufpFkflnsf tyf gu/kflnsf / j8f sfof{nosf]nflu sfof{no ejg

nufotsf Go"gtd k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ul/g]5 .

Page 10 of 84

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n k|b]z ;+;b / :yfgLo ;/sf/x?nfO{ hg pQ/bfoL, ljsf;–lk|o / kf/bzL{

t'Nofpg'sf ;fy}dlxnf, afnaflnsf, o'jf, Ho]i7 gful/s, ckf+utf ePsf

JolQm Pj+ ;fdflhs / cfly{s ?kn]lk5l8Psf ju{/ ;d'bfosf]pTyfg tyf

ljsf;df ;xhLs/0f Pj+ ;xsfo{ ug]{sfo{df k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 .

n k|b]z / :yfgLo ;/sf/sf]nflu cfjZos hgzlQmsf]Joj:yfkg ug{ ;Ifd

;fj{hlgs k|zf;g k|0ffnLsf]ljsf; ul/g]5 . ;+3Lo lghfdtL ;]jfaf6 k|b]z

/ :yfgLo txdf sd{rf/L ;dfof]hg kl5 k|b]z ;]jf cfof]u dfkm{t hgzlQmsf]

:yfoL cfk"lt{ x'g]Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .

!=$ ;d;fdlos /fhgLlt / casf] /fli6«o Ph]08f

cfb/0fLo lbbLalxgL–bfh'efOx?,

g]kfnsf]nf]stGq, dfgj clwsf/ / hgk|ltlglwd"ns zf;g k6s–k6s blIf0fkGyL

cltjfb / jfdkGyL pu|tfsf]cfqmd0f / hf]lvddf kb}{cfPsf]5 . g]kfnL sf+u|];n]

g}o:tf pu|blIf0fkGyL / pu|jfdkGyL cltjfbsf lj?4 g]kfnL hgtfnfO{;+ul7t

ub}{ nf]stGq / dfgj clwsf/sf];Ddfg ug]{, cfly{s ?kn];d[4, ;Eo / eod'Qm

;dfhsf] alnof] cfwf/lznf v8f u/]sf] 5 . gofF ;+ljwfgn] ;+3Lo, ;dfj]zL,

nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds g]kfnnfO{ b[9tfsf ;fy ;+:yfut u/]kl5 g]kfn /fli6«o

k'g{hfu/0fsf]gofFo'udf k|j]z u/]sf]5 . casf]g]kfnsf]/fhgLlt nf]stGq, ;xdlt

/ ;xsfo{sf]km/flsnf]dd{/ efjgfdf cfwfl/t x'g'k5{/ casf]/fli6«o Ph]08f b]z

/ hgtfsf]cfly{s ;d[l4df s]lGb|t x'g'kb{5 eGg]g]kfnL sf+u|];sf]7x/ 5 .

!=$=! sf+u|];sf]g]t[Tjdf gofF;+ljwfg

sf+u|];s} g]t[Tjdf ;d[l4sf] cleofgM g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] g]t[Tjdf ;+ljwfg;efaf6

g]kfnsf];+ljwfg hf/L ePsf]36gf nfdf]/ ;+3if{k"0f{nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngsf]Pp6f

dxTjk"0f{ pknlJw xf]. o; ;+ljwfgn]nf]stGq / dfgj clwsf/sf ljZjJofkL

dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/]sf] 5 . ;ft bzsb]lv ax'njfbdf cfwfl/t ax'bnLo

;+;bLo nf]stGqsf] cEof; ug]{, /fhgLlts / wfld{s :jtGqtf ePsf], eo /

ul/aLaf6 d'Qm ;dfh lgdf{0f ug]{g]kfnL sf+u|];sf]ljrf/ / ;+sNk gofF;+ljwfgdf

b[9tfsf ;fy :yflkt ePsf] 5 . of]pknlJwk|lt uj{ ub}{ g]kfnL sf+u|];n]ca

;+3Lo ;dfj]zL nf]stflGqs u0ftGq g]kfnsf];+ljwfgn]k|Tofe"t u/]sf ax'njfbdf

cfwfl/t jx'bnLo ;+;bLo nf]stGq, cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/ / k"0f{k|]; :jtGqtfsf]

;+j4{g ub}{nf]stflGqs ;dfhjfb–pGd'v ;d[4 g]kfn lgdf{0f ug]{tkm{ b]znfO{cl3

j9fpg]5 .

:yfgLo txsf]lgjf{rg M nf]stGq, :jfoQ zf;g / ;+ljwfgsf]alnof]hu lgdf{0f

nfdf]clgZro / /fli6«o /fhgLltsf uDeL/ dte]bx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ g]kfnL

Page 11 of 84

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sf+u|];sf]cu|;/tfdf :yfgLo txsf]lgjf{rg ev{/};DkGg ePsf]5 . ;+ljwfgnfO{

k"0f{ ?kdf sfof{Gjog ug{, ;+3Lotf / ;dfj]zL nf]stGq ;'b[9 agfpg tyf

;fdflhs–/fhgLlts c;Gtf]if / dte]bsf] lg?k0f ug{ of] lgjf{rg sf];]9'+uf

k|dfl0ft ePsf]5 .

g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ -Pdfn]_ / dfcf]jfbL s]Gb|sf] jr{:jsf] ;/sf/ /x'F~h]n

:yfgLo tx lgjf{rgsf]/fhgLlts jftfj/0f ljNs'n}aGg ;s]sf]lyPg . dw]z

czfGt / cfGbf]ngdo lyof], cflbjf;L–hghflt, yf? cfGbf]ng ;Daf]wg ug]{

cu|;/tf ;d]t ;/sf/n]lng ;s]sf]lyPg . Pdfn]sf]cb"/bzL{ g]t[Tj, c;lxi0f'

/ cfqmfds Jojxf/sf sf/0f ;+jfb / ;xdltsf]k|of; ;d]t k|f/De x'g ;s]sf]

lyPg . Pdfn]g]t[Tjsf];/sf/ s]jn ;Qfsf]r/d Pdfn]s/0f / ;fwg;|f]tsf]

b'?kof]u ug{df s]lGb|t lyof]. b]zsf]cfly{s j[l4b/ cf]/fnf]nfu]/ z"Go k|ltztdf

em/]sf]lyof]. cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u / ;DaGw sdhf]/ aGb}lyof], e"sDk kLl8tsf

nflu k'glg{df{0fsf]sfdn]k6Ss}ult lng ;s]sf]lyPg . b]z /fhgLlts lju|xsf]

e'd/Ldf lyof]. ;Qfdf ;Fu}/x]sf Pdfn]/ dfcf]jfbLsf aLr ;d]t uDeL/ dte]b

rls{Psf]kl/l:ylt lyof].

of] c;xh kl/l:yltsf] cGTo ug{ g]kfnL sf+u|];n] kf6L{ ;efklt z]/axfb'/

b]pjfsf]g]t[Tjdf lg0ff{os cu|;/tf lnof]. kmn:j?k :yfgLo txsf]lgjf{rg

;DkGg ug{, dw]zsf d'2fx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ u/L ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug{ tyf

;+ljwfgsf]sfof{Gjog ug{sf+u|];–dfcf]jfbL Pj+ cGo bnx?sf];+o'Qm ;/sf/

u7g eof]. dw]z–s]lGb|t bnx?;Fu ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf ljifox?df ;dembf/L

aGof]. g]kfnL sf+u|];sf ;efklt z]/axfb'/ b]pjf g]t[Tjsf];+o'Qm ;/sf/åf/f

;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg k|:tfj ;+;bdf lg0f{ofy{k]z eof]. g]kfnL sf+u|];sf]cu|;/tfdf

;+jfb / ;xdltsf];fy{s k|of;sf sf/0f b]zdf 7"nf]pT;fxk"j{s / Jofks

;xeflutf ;lxt :yfgLo txsf]zflGtk"0f{lgjf{rg ;DkGg x'g ;s]sf]xf].

sf+u|];sf]g]t[Tjdf ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf]k|of;M dte]b lg?k0f ug]{;+j}wflgs af6f]

gofF ;+ljwfg hf/L eP nuQ};+ljwfg;Fu hf]l8Psf c;Gtf]if cfGbf]ngdf k|s6

ePsf lyP . oL cfGbf]ngx?nfO{w}o{/ ;+jfbsf nf]stflGqs af6f]af6 ;Daf]wg ug{

g]kfnL sf+u|];n]g};+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf]af6f]k|f/De u¥of]. g]kfnL sf+u|];sf ;efklt

;'zLn sf]O/fnfsf]g]t[Tjsf];/sf/n]g]skf -Pdfn]_ sf]cj/f]w / c;xof]usf

afah'b b'O{j6f k|d'v ljifodf ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf]k|:tfj ;+;bdf btf{ u/fof].

;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf dfWodaf6 ;+ljwfg cem kl/is[t / b]zsf ;Dk"0f{ hgtfsf]

ulx/f]ckgTjsf] aGg]5 eGg]ljZjf; / ;Defjgfsf sf/0f dw]zsf]cfGbf]ng

zfGt aGb}uof]. g]kfnL hgtf dfly ulx/f]cf3ft / kL8f k'¥ofPsf]ef/tLo

kIfsf] gfsfjGbL tTsfn x6fpg'k5{ eGg] k|jn g]kfnL hgdt;Fu}cGt/f{li6«o

Page 12 of 84

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bafa ;d]t alnof] aGb}uof]/ cGttM gfsfaGbL x6\of]. ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf]

of]zflGtk"0f{ / nf]stflGqs kxnsbdLn]dw]zdf /fhg}lts ;+jfb / bnx?sf]

/fhgLlts ultljlwsf nflu ;xh kl/l:yltsf]lgdf{0f eof].

;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] of] ;du| k|lqmofdf g]skf -Pdfn]_ cfˆgf ;+sL0f{ / pu|

/fhgLlts c8fgåf/f ;fdfGo aGb}uPsf]kl/l:ylt ljyf]Ng ;lqmo /Xof]. Pdfn]

g]t[TjklQmsf] oxL dfgl;stfsf sf/0f Pdfn] g]t[Tjsf] ;/sf/ /x'~h]n dw]z

czfGt / cfGbf]ng/t eO/Xof] . g]kfnL sf+u|]; o; ;+ljwfgnfO{ ;j{:jLsfo{

agfpg / dw]zL, hghflt, yf? nufotsf efjgfnfO{ k"0f{sb/ ug{ k|lta4 5 .

!=$=@ g]skf -Pdfn]_ sf]k|j[lQ M /fli6«o Pstf / ;d[l4sf]jfws

;+ljwfg lgdf{0f eO;s]kl5sf] /fli6«o /fhgLltdf klg cltjfbsf] hf]lvd /

r'gf}tL sfod} 5 . g]skf -Pdfn]_ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf]a]nfb]lv g}cfˆgf k|lt:kwL{

/fhgLlts bnx?k|lt lg/Gt/ c;lxi0f'/ cfqmfds k|j[lQsf ;fy lqmofzLn

/Xof]. kmn:j?k g]kfnL sf+u|];sf]g]t[Tjdf ;/sf/df ;xefuL eP klg / ;+ljwfg

lgdf{0fdf ;xsdL{ePklg g]skf -Pdfn]_ cfkm";xefuL ;/sf/sf]lg0f{o k|lqmofdf

v'Nff dgn];xof]uL / nlrnf]e"ldsfdf k|:t't ePg . ;+;bLo k4lt / cfr/0f

cg'?k cfkm";xefuL ;/sf/sf]sfd / lg0f{odf pT;fxk"0f{ ;xsfo{ ug'{ eGbf

kf6L{ut / u'6ut /fhgLlts efuj08f vf]Hg] k|j[lQåf/f Pdfn]n] k6s–k6s

c;xof]uL / cj;/jfbL /fhgLlts rl/q b]vfof].

g]skf -Pdfn]_ sf]g]t[Tjdf ;/sf/ ag]kl5 p;sf]/fhgLlts c;lxi0f'tf emg}

a9\of]. sf+u|]; g]t[Tjsf]cl3Nnf];/sf/n]u/]sf ljsf;, Gofo If]q / s'6gLlts

If]qsf lgo'lQmx? ab/ ul/P . k|zf;g, Gofo ;]jf, s'6gLlts / lzIf0f If]qdf

kf6L{s/0fsf]k|lqmof k|f/De eof]. ;/sf/sf]ljQLo ;|f]t / ;fwg bnsf]:jfy{sf

lglDt b'?kof]u ul/of] . kmn:j?k ;Qfdf ;xefuL bnx? Pdfn];+u ;Qf

;fem]bf/Ldf l6Sg ;s]gg\ / Pdfn] g]t[Tjsf] ;/sf/sf] ktg eof] . ;Qfdf

/x'Gh]n g]skf -Pdfn]_ n] ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+ljwfg ;DaGwL c;Gtf]ifnfO{ ;dfwfg

ug]{ nf]stflGqs ljlwnfO{ ;d]t ;dy{g u/]g . a? p;sf]cltjfbL /fhgLlts

c8fgn]t/fO–dw]zsf]cfGbf]ng emg}rsf]{ aGb}uof].

Pdfn]sf]of]cg'bf/ k|j[lQsf sf/0f ;+ljwfg;efaf6 ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ k|lqmof

;d]t hf]lvddf k/]sf]lyof]. g]kfnsf]nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngdf ;fgf /fhgLlts

bnx?sf] klg dxTj / e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . t/ g]skf -Pdfn]_ n] of] ;TonfO{

cfTd;ft\ug{ ;s]g / p ;fgf /fhgLlts bnk|lt klg cg'bf/ b]lvof]. Pdfn]sf]

/fhgLlts c;lxi0f'tfn] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmofnfO{ cfGbf]ngsf] ;Ldf;Dd

Page 13 of 84

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ws]n] klg g]kfnL sf+u|];n] dWo:ytf ub}{ Pdfn]/ dfcf]jfbL b'a}nfO{ ;+ljwfg

lgdf{0fsf]Ph]08fdf Ps 7fpFdf /fVg ;Sof].

nf]stGqn] g]kfnL /fhgLltdf NofPsf] ce"tk"j{ hfu/0fn] ubf{ b]zdf ljleGg

k|s[ltsf clwsf/sf cfGbf]ng p7]sf x'g\. dw]z cfGbf]ng, cflbjf;L hghfltsf]

klxrfgsf]cfGbf]ng, yf?, d'l:nd nufotsf]km/flsnf]k|ltlglwTj / clwsf/sf]

cfGbf]ngk|lt Pdfn]n]b]vfPsf]gsf/fTds / c;lxi0f'Jojxf/n]g]kfnL/fhgLltnfO{

uDeL/ / hl6n agfpFb}nu]sf]5 .

dw]zsf] cfGbf]ngnfO{ ljv08gsf] cfGbf]ng eGb}/ dw]zL hgtfk|lt lg/Gt/

czf]egLo l6Kk0fL ub}{cfPsf]Pdfn]oltv]/ cltjfb / gSsnL /fi6«jfbsf]kf;f]df

kb}{ uPsf]5 . dw]z / kxf8sf aLr dte]b rsf{pg], dw]zL ;d'bfo / kxf8L

;d'bfosf]/fli6«otfsf]efjgfnfO{a]Unfa]Un}t/fh'df hf]Vg]/ k|rf/ ug]{Pdfn]sf]

cltjfbL ljrf/n] b]zsf] Pstf / ;fdflhs ;b\efj, ;+ljwfgsf]sfof{Gjog /

nf]stflGqs cEof;nfO{7"nf]Iflt k'¥ofPsf]5 . ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf]zflGtk"0f{/

dWodfuL{af6f]cj?4 ug]{, tyf sDo'lgi6 jr{:jsf]PsbnLo Pj+ lg/+s'z zf;gsf

nflu Pdfn]sf]g]t[Tjdf sDo'lgi6 u7jGwg lgdf{0f ug]{ k|of;n]gofF;+ljwfgsf

pknlAw, cfly{s k|ult, /fli6«o Pstf / ;fdflhs ;b\efj hf]lvddf kb}{uPsf]5 .

clxn]sDo'lgi6 u7aGwgsf]gfddf g]skf -Pdfn]_ / dfcf]jfbL -s]Gb|_ sDo'lgi6

jr{:jsf];/sf/, k|ToIf lgjf{lrt sfo{sf/L /fi6«klt, To;af6 k|fKt x'g]slyt

/fhgLlts l:y/tf / cfly{s ;d[l4sf]gf/f prfn]/ b]z / hgtfnfO{e|ddf kfg{

vf]Hb}5g\. j:t't M ;+;bdf sDo'lgi6x?sf]jr{:jn]l:y/tfsf]Uof/]06L ub}{g . o;}u/L

Pp6}JolQmdf s]lGb|t sfo{sf/L clwsf/ ePsf]/fi6«ktLo k|0ffnLn]klg l:y/tfsf]

Uof/]G6L ug{;Sb}g . o:tf]cj:yf b]znfO{s]jn lg/+s'z sDo'lgi6 zf;gtkm{n}hfg]

tyf d'n'sdf nfdf];do;Dd åGå l;h{gf ug]{Pp6f vt/gfs k|of]u dfq x'g ;S5 .

bf];|f]ljZj o'4 kl5sf]ljut &) jif{df Plzof, clkm|sf / blIf0f cd]l/sfsf y'k|}

b]zx? k|ToIf lgjf{lrt sfo{sf/L /fi6«klt k|0ffnLsf]k|of]u ub}{tfgfzfxL Joj:yfdf

kl/jlt{+t x'Fb}/fhgLlts cl:y/tfsf]e'd/Ldf km;]sf 5g\.

sDo'lgi6 ;/sf/ cfly{s ljsf; ;'lglZrt ug]{sf/0f / dfWod klg aGg ;Sb}g .

a? sDo'lgi6 ;/sf/ /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o nufgL Jofks dfqfdf 36\g]/ k"FhL

knfogsf]sf/0f aGg ;S5 .

g]skf -Pdfn]_ Pj+ g]skf dfcf]jfbL -s]Gb|_ ;'lgof]lht tj/af6 ;+:yfut

e|i6frf/nfO{;+/lIft ug]{kf6L{k|dfl0ft ePsf 5g\. g]skf -Pdfn]_ n]/fhgLlts

Page 14 of 84

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kf6L{sf] rl/q u'dfpFb}cfˆgf n]aL a'emfpg] ;lqmo g]tf / sfo{stf{sf eft[

;+u7gsf]dfWodaf6 c:ktfn–d]l8sn sn]h, PghLcf];+rfng, ;xsf/L ;+:yf,

pBf]u, hnljB't\, cfjf; / a}lsË If]qdf nufgL / :jfy{ ePsf]Jofj;flos

3/fgfsf]e"ldsfdf cfkm"nfO{ kl/jlt{t ub}{ nu]sf]5 . To;}n]g]skf -Pdfn]_

;Qfsf]s]Gb|df j;]/ cfˆgf lgs6td ;xof]uLsf]Jofj;flos :jfy{sf]/Iffy{

bn–lgolGqt k"FhLjfb -qmf]gL Soflk6nLHd_ ;+/If0f ug]{sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ag]sf]5 .

lrlsT;f lzIff ljw]os @)&$ nfO{g]skf -Pdfn]_ / dfcf]jfbL -s]Gb|_ n];+;bdf

kfl/t x'g glbg'o;sf]kl5Nnf]HjnGt pbfx/0f xf]. o; cy{df, g]skf -Pdfn]_

n]/fli6«o k"FhLsf]xf]Og, cfˆgf]kf6L{–lgolGqt k"FhLsf]k|j4{g

ub}{5 . g]skf -Pdfn]_ ;Qfdf, gLlt / sfg"g lgdf{0f ug]{7fpFdf j;]/ cfˆg}b]zsf

nufgLstf{x?;+u Jofj;flos k|lt:kwf{ug]{tyf lghL If]qsf nufgLstf{sf lglDt

c;dfg / c;xh jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug]{ kf6L{ jGb}uPsf]5 . o:tf]rl/q af]s]sf]

kf6L{n]/fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o nufgL cfslif{t ug{/ cfly{s ljsf; ug{;Sb}g .

!=$=# g]skf dfcf]jfbL -s]Gb|_ M cl:y/ /fhgLltsf]nfe vf]Hg]cj;/jfbL k|j[lQ

b]zsf]/fhgLlt d'7e]8sf]uDeL/ df]8df k'u]sf a]nf g]skf dfcf]jfbL -s]Gb|_ n]

klg b[9 ;+sNk / :ki6 nf]stflGqs af6f]klxNofpg ;s]g . dfcf]jfbL åGåsfnLg

k|j[lQ / 36gfsf k|efjaf6 d'Qm eP/ bL3{sfnLg nf]stflGqs ;xsfo{df cfa4

x'g'sf];f6f]g]skf dfcf]jfbL -s]Gb|_ leq cl:y/ /fhgLltsf avt ;Qfsf]nfe

vf]Hg]k|j[lQ k|s6 x'g]u/]sf]5 . g]skf dfcf]jfbL -s]Gb|_ sf]of]9'nd'n]k|j[lQn]

/fli6«o /fhgLltdf cl:y/tf a9fPsf] 5 . ;xdlt / ;+jfbsf] /fhgLltaf6

kl/0ffd lgsfNg]k|lqmofnfO{;d]t sdhf]/ agfPsf]5 . k'iksdn bfxfn g]t[Tjsf]

dfcf]jfbL kf6L{ ljut Ps bzsb]lv cl:y/ /fhgLlts ;dLs/0f, ;Qf :jfy{sf]

u7aGwg, j}rfl/s c:ki6tf / c;kmntfsf]s]Gb|aGb}cfPsf]5 .

klxnf];+ljwfg;efdf 7"nf]kf6L{sf]e"ldsf / ;/sf/ g]t[Tjsf]cj;/ kfP/ klg

g]skf dfcf]jfbL -s]Gb|_ sf]kl/ro ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{g;Sg], bf];|f];+ljwfg;efdf

;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf]dxTjk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L / cj;/ kfP/ klg ;+ljwfg;efdf Wj+;

dRrfP/ ;+ljwfg ;8saf6 n]Vg p2t x'g], slxn]Pdfn];Fu ;/sf/ agfpg]/

slxn]sf+u|];;+u ;/sf/d}a;L k|ltkIf;Fu u7aGwg ug]{uDeL/ j}rfl/s ljrng

/ e/f];f ug{g;lsg]kf6L{sf]?kdf aGb}cfPsf]5 . Pp6f ljrf/ / bz{gdf cfa4

eP/ P3f/ jif{ ;z:q åGådf xf]ldPsf]l;Ëf]dfcf]jfbL kf6L{ ljut Ps bzsdf

6'qmf–6'qmf ePsf]5 . cfkm"lg/Gt/ ljeflht eO/x]sf]oxL dfcf]jfbL -s]Gb|_ /

g]skf -Pdfn]_ ca Pp6}sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ agfpg]gf/fdf clxn]Ps csf{nfO{

w[t/fi6«sf]c+ufnf]df afFWg]u/L lqmofzLn ePsf 5g\.

Page 15 of 84

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;Qf :jfy{sf]sDo'lgi6 u7aGwg

xfn}g]skf -Pdfn]_ / g]skf dfcf]jfbL -s]Gb|_ n];Qf :jfy{sf]sDo'lgi6 u7jGwgsf]

3f]if0ff u/]sf 5g\. of]sDo'lgi6 u7jGwgsf]3f]lift p2]Zo cfufdL k|ltlglw ;ef

/ k|b]z ;ef lgjf{rgdf sDo'lgi6x? aLr r'gfjL tfnd]n ug]{, cGttM Pp6}

sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ agfpg], sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] jr{:jsf] ;/sf/ agfpg]/ b]zdf

;fDojfb :yfkgf ug]{/x]sf]5 . of]sDo'lgi6 u7jGwgsf g]tf / of]hgfsf/x?n]

;+ljwfgsf cfwf/e"t nf]stflGqs d"No–k4lt / zf;g k|0ffnLnfO{ ;+zf]wg ub}{

k|ToIf /fi6«ktLo k|0ffnLsf dfWodaf6 PsbnLo sDo'lgi6 kf6L{åf/f ;Qf lgoGq0f

ug]{/ g]kfndf ;fDojfb :yfkgf ug]{p2]Zo /fv]sf 5g\. ;f/f ;+;f/el/ c;kmn

l;4 eO;s]sf] sDo'lgi6 zf;gnfO{ g]kfndf :yfkgf ug{ vf]lhPsf] sDo'lgi6

u7jGwgsf]o:tf]k|of]u b]z / hgtfsf nflu lsdfy{:jLsf/ x'g]5}g .

g]kfnL sf+u|]; kf6L{/ o;sf nfvf}+pmhf{zLn ;fyL / ;dy{sx?sf]k+lQmn]nf]stGq

:yfkgfsf nflu ;a}lsl;dsf lg/+s'z zf;g / lx+;fsf lj?4 k6s–k6s ;+3if{

ub}{cfPsf x'g\. ;Qf / :jfy{sf]of]sDo'lgi6 u7aGwgsf]klg g]kfnL sf+u|];n]

86]/ ;fdgf ug]{5 tyf nf]stGq / cfly{s ;d[l4sf nflu lghL If]qsf]pT;fxk"0f{

e"ldsf / Ifdtf tyf ;fdflhs Gofo / ;dtfd"ns ljsf; ;lxtsf]nf]stflGqs

;dfhjfb :yfkgfsf]cleofgnfO{cj?4 x'g lbg]5}g .

lgjf{rgsf a]nf ;Dk"0f{ b]znfO{ slyt /fi6«jfbL / c/fi6«jfbL lsQfdf ljeflht

ug]{, lxdfn–kxf8—dw]zsf hgtfsf aLr efjgfTds dte]b rsf{P/ lx+;f / an

k|of]u ug]{, zflGt– ;'/Iffsf]lhDd]jf/L kfPsf]u[x k|zf;gnfO{/fli6«o st{Joaf6

ljrlnt u/fpg]sDo'lgi6 u7jGwgsf]/0fgLlt cGtu{t dfcf]jfbL -s]Gb|_ ;Qf

kIfdf klg ;fem]bf/ x'g]/ k|ltkIf;Fu u7aGwgdf klg lx:;]bf/ x'g]cg}lts /

if8oGqsf/L e"ldsfdf al;/fv]sf]5 .

o;/L of]sDo'lgi6 u7aGwgn]cGttM ;+ljwfgn]k|Tofe"t u/]sf];+3Lo ;dfj]zL

nf]stGqsf cfwf/e"t ;+/rgf / clwsf/ eTsfpg]/ ckxl/t ug]{lgot /fv]sf]

b]lvG5 . PsbnLo sDo'lgi6 zf;gsf];kgf / k|of]un]w]/}d'n'ssf :jfwLgtf,

:jtGqtf / ;d[l4 u'd]sf]Oltxf; 5 . g]kfnnfO{klg o:tf]hf]lvdtkm{ws]Ng]

s'r]i6f jt{dfg sDo'lgi6 u7aGwgn]u/]sf]5 .

!=$=$ /fi6«jfbL / nf]stflGqs zlQmx?sf];femf ;xdlt / ;xsfo{

g]kfnL sf+u|]; ;ft bzs;Dd hgtfsf] lg/Gt/ ;+3if{ / jlnbfgaf6 :yflkt

nf]stGq / ;'b[9 x'Fb}uPsf]/fli6«otf / /fli6«o Pstfsf]efjwf/fnfO{ eTsfpg]

Page 16 of 84

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sDo'lgi6 u7jGwgsf]if8oGqnfO{ k/f:t ug]{;+sNk JoQm ub{5 . sf+u|];sf]af6f]

;w}+ /fhgLlts bnx?sf aLr /fli6«o ;xdlt, Pstf / d]nldnfksf dfWodaf6

nf]stGqnfO{;'b[9 agfpg'/xFb}cfPsf] 5 . b'ef{Uojz sDo'lgi6 u7aGwgn]clxn]

Ps}rf]l6 nf]stGq / /fli6«otfsf]cfwf/nfO{sdhf]/ agfpg]r]i6f ul//fv]sf]5 .

/fli6«otf / /fi6«jfbsf s]Gb|Lo tTj hgtf x'g\. /fli6«otf hgtfsf];Fu}a:g]—;Fu}

afFRg]—;+u} k|ult ug]{ / ;Fu} dg]{ alnof] efjgfTds Pstfaf6 tyf cfˆgf]

efiff–;+:s[lt–e"uf]n / P]ltxfl;s uf}/j, ljlzi6tf / klxrfgsf]/Iff / ;Dj4{g

ug]{;+sNkaf6 ;'b[9 aGg]ub{5 . o; cy{df /fli6«otf / /fi6«jfb hgtfnfO{b]zsf]

;femf ;+sNk / cleofgdf ;+nUg u/fO{/fVg]/ pmhf{ k|bfg ug]{ ;sf/fTds

cjwf/0ff / k|]/0ff xf]. /fli6«otf / /fi6«jfb g]kfnsf sDo'lgi6x?n]k|rf/ ug{

vf]h]sf]h:tf]slxNo} klg hgtfnfO{ ljeflht ug]{ / ;d'bfosf aLr lje]b

l;h{gf ug]{3[0ff / pGdfbsf]gsf/fTds cjwf/0ffdf cfwfl/t x'g ;Sb}g . o:tf]

gsf/fTds ;f]rsf]/fi6«jfbn];+;f/sf w]/}d'n'sdf g/;+xf/, cfGtl/s åGå /

jfXo o'4 lgDTofPsf]Oltxf; xfdLn]la;{g'x'Gg .

oltv]/ g]kfn / g]kfnL hgtf tyf g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] sfFwdf km]l/ Ps k6s

/fi6«–/fli6«otf / /fli6«o Pstfsf]/Iff / ;+jw{g ug]{ bfloTj ;Fu}nf]stGq /

;+ljwfgsf d'ne"t dfGotfsf];+/If0f ug]{bf]xf]/f]lhDd]jf/L cfPsf]5 . /fi6«jfbsf]

cGw gf/fdf dfq axls+bf nf]stGq / b]zsf]Pstfdf uDeL/ cf3ft k'Ug ;S5,

clg nf]stGq dfqsf] sfuhL gf/fdf cndln+bf b]zsf] cl:tTj / :jfwLgtf

hf]lvddf kg{;S5 .

of]r'gf}tLnfO{ ;fdgf ug{ g]kfnL sf+u|]; b]zsf ;Dk"0f{ /fi6«jfbL, nf]stflGqs /

k|ultzLn /fhgLlts bnx?sf aLr ;femf ;xdlt / ;xsfo{ cfjZos 5 eGg]

7x/ ub{5 . /fli6«o Pstf, d]nldnfk, ;xdlt / ;xsfo{sf] ;femf cleofgdf

g]kfnL sf+u|]; gful/s ;dfh, hgtfsf :jtGq / k]zfut ;+u7gx?, ls;fg /

>lds ;+u7g;Fu}!* jif{b]lv $% jif{ ;d"xsf o'jf k':tfsf]pmhf{zLn r]tgfnfO{

Pstfa4 ug{ rfxG5 . jt{dfg sDo'lgi6 u7aGwg cGttM nf]stGqsf lj?4sf]

u7aGwg aGg]5 . lsgeg]of]sDo'lgi6 u7aGwgn]/fli6«o Pstf / ;xdltnfO{

xf]Og— sDo'lgi6 Pstf / sDo'lgi6 jr{:jsf]zf;g / ;+/rgfsf]cfXjfg ub}{5 .

!! jif{nfdf]dfcf]jfbL åGb ;dfwfg ug{, @)^@–^# sf]hgcfGbf]ngsf];kmntfsf]

cfwf/ lgdf{0f ug{/ nfdf]ax; / ;+jfbaf6 ;a}/fhgLlts ljrf/ / bz{gsf];femf

cleJolQmsf] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{ xfdLn] k|of]u u/]sf]/fli6«o Pstf, ;xdlt /

;xsfosf] { efjgf of]sDo'lgi6 u7aGwgn]eTsfpg]k|of; u/]sf]5 . of]b'ik|of;nfO{

k"0f{tM k/flht gu/L b]zsf /fi6«jfbL, nf]stflGqs / k|ultzLn zlQmx?n] lj>fd

lng]5}gg\.

Page 17 of 84

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;+jfb / ;xsfo{sf]af6f]df dw]z s]lGb|t bn

cfGbf]ngsf]nfdf]rqmJo"xaf6 lgl:sP/ ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf]dfWodaf6 ;d:of

;dfwfg ug{ cu|;/ ePsf dw]z s]lGb|t bnsf]/fhgLlts lg0f{onfO{ g]kfnL

sf+u|]; k|;+zf / :jfut ug{ rfxG5 . dw]zsf hgtfsf] nf]stflGqs clwsf/,

km/flsnf] k|ltlglwTj, /fHosf ;+/rgfdf ;xh kx'Fr, dw]zsf efiff–;+:s[ltsf]

;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g;Fu}dw]zdf /f]huf/L / ;8s, l;+rfO, ljB't\, lzIff / :jf:Yo If]q

nufotdf cfly{s ljsf;sf d'2fnfO{ g]kfnL sf+u|];n]dw]z–s]Gb|Lt bnx?;Fusf]

;xsfo{df ;Daf]wg ug]{5 . /fli6«otf / nf]stGqsf];+/Ifs / kx/]bf/ eP/ dw]zsf

hgtfn]/fli6«o PstfnfO{;'b[9 agfPsf 5g\. cGg e08f/ / s[lif pTkfbgsf]s]Gb|

ag]/ dw]zn]/fli6«o ;d[l4sf]cfwf/ v8f u/]sf]5 . ;Eotf / ;f+:s[lts j}ejsf]

/fhwfgL ag]/ dw]z / dw]zL hgtfn]b]zsf]Oltxf; / klxrfg agfPsf 5g\.

ca dw]znfO{ czfGt / ;fdflhs dte]bsf]s]Gb| aGg lbg'x'Fb}g eGg];+sNksf

;fy g]kfnL sf+u|]; ;a}dw]z–s]Gb|Lt bnx?nfO{/fli6«o Pstf / ;xdltsf];femf

nf]stflGqs k|ltj4tf / ;xsfo{df xflb{s :jfut ub{5 .

/fk|kf -k|hftflGqs_ / /fk|kf g]kfn;Fu ljZj;gLo ;xsfo{

b]zsf] gofF ;+ljwfgk|ltsf] uDeL/ k|lta4tf tyf nf]stGqsf ljZjJofkL

d"No–k4ltdflysf]ljZjf; g}g]kfnL sf+u|]; tyf /fk|kf -k|hftflGqs_ Pj+ /fk|kf

g]kfnsf];xsfo{sf]cfwf/ xf]. /fli6«otf / nf]stGq, ;fdflhs Gofo ;lxtsf]

k|lt:kwf{Tds cfly{s 9fFrf / b]zsf];d[4 ;f+:s[lts j}ej / klxrfgsf];+/If0f

ug]{;+j}wflgs k|ltj4tf klg xfd|f];xsfo{sf]cfwf/ xf]. sDo'lgi6x?sf]jt{dfg

u7aGwg r'gfjdf lx+;f / an k|of]u ug]{, sDo'lgi6 jr{:jsf];+;b / ;/sf/

agfP/ Jofks ;xdltaf6 ag]sf] ;+ljwfgsf] k|fjwfgnfO{ Psnf}6L sDo'lgi6

9fFrfdf ;+zf]wg ug]{ / sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] PsbnLo zf;g :yfkgf ug]{ of]hgf

/ if8oGqaf6 lgdf{0f ePsf]5 . of]if8\oGqnfO{ k/f:t ub}{ nf]stGq / cfly{s

;d[l4sf] af6f]df b]znfO{ 8f]¥ofpg] p2]Zo ;lxt /fk|kf -k|hftflGqs_ / /fk|kf

g]kfn;+u ;femf k|lta4tf / ;xsfo{df g]kfnL sf+u|]; lqmofzLn ePsf]5 .

/fli6«o /fhgLltdf k'gM p7\g yfn]sf]cltjfbL / PsbnLo sDo'lgi6 jr{:jsf]

zf;gsf];f]r / k|j[lQ /fi6«/ nf]stGqsf nflu hf]lvdk"0f{5 . g]kfnL sf+u|];

;a}/fhgLlts bn;Fu lg/Gt/ ;+jfbdf a;]/ b]znfO{;xdlt, ;xsfo{, Pstf /

d]nldnfksf]af6f]df lx+8fpg ;+sNkj4 5 . ca /fhgLlts bnx?n];Qfsf]lglDt

dfq bnLo k|lt:kwf{ug'{sf];f6f]nf]stGq / cfly{s ;d[l4sf]d'2fnfO{s]Gb|efudf

/fv]/ /fhgLlts ;xsfo{ug]{tTk/tf b]vfpg h?/L 5 . nf]stGqn]k|bfg u/]sf]

phf{/ l;Ëf]b]zsf];fdYo{/ ;fwg–;|f]tnfO{cfly{s ;d[l4sf]Ph]08fdf s]lGb|t

ug'{k5{eGg]g]kfnL sf+u|];sf]lgisif{5 .

Page 18 of 84

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!=% /fli6«o k'g{hfu/0fsf] gof“ o'u k|f/De

;ft bzs;Dd nf]stGq / nf]stGq k'g:yf{kgfsf]kIfdf lg/Gt/ ;+3if{ug]{g]kfnL

hgtfsf]h:tf]uf}/jk"0f{/ b'n{e Oltxf; ;+;f/df cGoq e]l6b}g . g]kfn o;}klg

;w}:jtGq / :jfwLg /fi6«sf ?kdf /lxcfPsf]P]ltxfl;s ;Tosf sf/0f ljVoft

5 . cfˆgf]b'a}l5d]sL b]zx? ef/t / rLg cf}klgj]lzs bf;tfsf]h+hL/df jfFlwP

klg g]kfnn]cfˆgf]:jtGqtf / :jfwLgtf lg/Gt/ cIf'00f /fVb}cfPsf];j{ljlbt}

5 . of]uf}/jk"0f{P]ltxfl;s /fli6«o klxrfgnfO{cem ;+/If0f ub}{g]kfnL sf+u|];

g]kfndf /fli6«o k'ghf{u/0fsf]gofFo'u k|f/De ug]{3f]if0ff ub{5 .

-!_ ;dfj]zL nf]stGq / dfgj clwsf/ M nf]stGq / dfgj clwsf/ tyf ;'b[9

/fli6«otfk|lt g]kfnL hgtfsf];dk{0f xfd|f]/fli6«o k'ghf{u/0fsf]alnof]hu

x'g]5 . g]kfnsf]ljljwtfnfO{cfTd;ft ub}{xfd|f]nf]stflGqs ;+/rgf ;+3Lotf

/ ;dfj]lztfnfO{ :jLsf/ ub}{ cem}km/flsnf]/ hglk|o ePsf]5 . g]kfnL

sf+u|]; g]kfnsf]P]ltxfl;s / ;f+:s[lts klxrfgnfO{ nf]stGqsf dfWodaf6

cem ;'b[9 / kl/is[t ub}{ ljZjsf ;fd'g]kfnsf];Ddfgk"0f{ 5lj k|:t't ug]{

;+sNk JoQm ub{5 .

-@_ cfly{s ;d[l4sf]cleofg M ;+3Lo ;dfj]zL nf]stflGqs u0ftGq g]kfnsf]

;+ljwfg hgtfsf]/fhgLlts :jtGqtf / nf]stflGqs clwsf/ ;+/If0f ug]{

b:tfa]h dfq xf]Og—g]kfn / g]kfnL hgtfsf nflu ;d[4, cfw'lgs / Gofok"0f{

;dfh lgdf{0f ug]{, /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o nufgL k|j4{g / ;+/If0f ub}{ tLj|

cfly{s ljsf;sf]af6f]df 8f]¥ofpg]/fli6«o ;+sNk, gLlt / sfg"gsf]cfwf/e"ld

klg xf]. g]kfnL sf+u|]; pRr, tLj|/ lbuf]cfly{s ljsf;sf]dfWodaf6 /fli6«o

k'ghf{u/0fsf]cleofgnfO{ ult k|bfg ug]{;+sNk JoQm ub{5 .

/fli6«o k'ghf{u/0fsf] of] ;+sNkn] cfufdL kfFr jif{leq cf}Bf]lus nufgL /

pTkfbgdf Jofks lj:tf/ ub}{ g]kfnnfO{ k|d'v vfBfGg, kmnkm"n, t/sf/L, b'Uw

pTkfbg, c08f / df;'pTkfbg, hnljB't\, phf{, jg ;Dkbfdf cfwfl/t k|d'v

j:t'x?df cfTdlge{/ agfpg]5 tyf t'ngfTds nfe ePsf / pRr d"No ePsf

g]kfnL j:t'x?sf]lgof{t Jofkf/ ;d]t Jofks ?kdf lj:tfl/t x'g]5 .

-#_ cfWoflTds–;f+:s[lts j}ej M g]kfn cfWoflTds–;f+:s[lts j}ejsf]cGt/f{li6«o

s]Gb|/ g]t[Tj k|bfg ug{;Sg]u'? /fi6«xf]. xhf/f}+ jif{b]lv lxdfnosf]sfvdf

a;]sf]g]kfnn];gftg j}lbs ;+:s[lt / ;Eotfsf];+/If0f / kf]if0f ub}{cfPsf]

5 – h'g ;+:s[ltn] jx';+Vos lxGb'x?sf] cfWoflTds phf{nfO{ dfq xf]Og

kl/jf/ / ;dfhsf];DjGw / b}lgsLnfO{ klg dfu{ bz{g ug]{ u/]sf]5 . g]kfn

Page 19 of 84

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j'4sf]hGde"ld xf]. of];To g}xfd|f]/fli6«o uf}/j / klxrfg :yflkt ug]{;'b[9

cfwf/ xf]. ;+;f/e/Lsf nfvf}af}4dfuL{x? zflGtb"t uf}td a'4, kljq n'lDjgL

tyf ;fgf]Pj+ ;'Gb/ g]kfnsf]cfsif{0fdf k|fy{gf/t 5g\/ k|]/0ff kfpg]u5{g .

g]kfn xhf/f}jif{b]lv ls/ft wd{/ k|fs[t wd{ dfGg]x?sf]P]ltxfl;s sd{e"ld

xf], h;n]k|s[lt / e"ldsf]k"hf cr{gf dfq xf]Og k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf];+/If0f

/ k|s[ltd}qL aGg] r]tgf klg ;+/If0f ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf]

ljZjJofkL kL8f / k|efjaf6 cflQPsf]cfw'lgs ljZjsf nflu k|s[lt k"hf /

;+/If0fsf]of]cfWoflTds–;f+:s[lts k/Dk/f Pp6f pbfx/0f jGg ;S5 .

lxGb', af}4, ls/ft / k|fs[t wd{–;+:s[lt / ;Eotfsf]pb\ud:yn g]kfn wfld{s

;lxi0f'tfsf]cg'kd pbfx/0f klg xf]. lxGb', jf}4, ls/ft / k|fs[t wd{;+u}cGo

cNk;+Vos d'l:nd, lqmlZrog, lzv, h}g, af]g / jxfO nufotsf wfld{s

;d'bfosf cf:yfx?sf]aLr kf/:kl/s ;lxi0f'tf, ;f+:s[lts ljljwtfsf aLr

;xcl:tTj, Pstf / kf/:kl/s k|]/0ff g]kfndf h:tf]cGoq sxLF5}g . xfd|f

log}cfWoflTds–;f+:s[lts j}ejk|ltsf]ljZjsf] j9\bf]cfsif{0f / k|]/0ffnfO{

g]kfnL sf+u|];n]/fli6«o k'ghf{u/0fsf];an dfWod agfpg]5 .

-$_o'jf hgzlQm / cfw'lgs g]kfn M g]kfnsf]hg;+Vofsf]7"nf]lx:;f !* b]lv

$) jif{pd]/ ;d'xsf]5 . o; cy{df g]kfn o'jfx?sf]b]z xf]. g]kfnL hgtf

cefjsf aLrdf klg xFl;nf, d}qLk"0f{, d]xgtL, OdfGbf/ / gofFkl/l:ylt, ljrf/

/ k|ljlwnfO{;xh}u|x0f ug{;Sg]cfFl6nf 5g\. cGwljZjf; / ?9Ljflbtfaf6

d'Qm, cfw'lgs / j}1flgs ;f]r ePsf]g]kfn lgdf{0f ug]{ cleofgdf g]kfnL

o'jfsf]of]rl/q /fi6«sf nflu 7"nf];Dkbf jGg ;S5 . gofFsfd ug]{ hfFu/,

gofF k|ljlw l;Sg] pT;fx, hf]lvd df]Ng] ;fx; / OdfGbfl/tfsf] of] o'jf

hgzlQmnfO{ pkof]u ub}{ g]kfnL sf+u|]; /fli6«o k'g{hfu/0fsf]gofFo'u lgdf{0f

ug]{ 3f]if0ff ub{5 .

-%_ hn, h8La'6L / h}ljs ljljwtf M of];f+:s[lts klxrfg;+u}g]kfn lxdfnosf]

;d[4 kof{j/0f / ;Dkbfsf sf/0f klg ;+;f/el/sf] cfsif{0fsf] s]Gb| aGg]

Ifdtf /fVb5 . g]kfnsf]jg ;Dkbf / h8Lj'6L cfo'{j{]bsf lglDt dfq xf]Og

cfw'lgs lrlsT;fsf]ljljw cf}ifwLsf] ;|f]t klg xf]. g]kfnL sf+u|]; oL ax'd"No

h8La'6Lsf] pkof]u a9fpFb}cfo'{j]{b / k|fs[lts lrlsT;f k4ltsf] cWoog,

cg';Gwfg / k|of]unfO{/fli6«o k'ghf{u/0f / klxrfgsf]dfWod agfpg];+sNk

JoQm ub{5 .

g]kfnsf gbLgfnfx? gjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf cgGt ;|f]t x'g\ . logsf] rfF8f]

pkof]uåf/f k'ghf{u/0fsf] o'u rfF8f] k|f/De x'g ;S5 . gbLgfnf hnljB't\

Page 20 of 84

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pmhf{sf ;|f]t dfq xf]Ogg\xfd|f];f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf / ;Eotfsf d'xfg klg

x'g\. To;}n]kljq gbLx? nufot tfntn}ofsf];+/If0f, tyf jg ;Dkbf /

h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ljj]sk"0f{ pkof]u / ;+/If0f xfd|f] /fli6«o k'ghf{u/0fsf]

cfwf/ aGg]5 .

-^_ ko{6gsf]dfWodaf6 cGt/f{li6«o kl/ro M xfd|f]oxL h}ljs ljljwtf, k|fs[lts

;f}Gbo{tyf d}qLk"0f{Jojxf/n];+;f/el/sf ko{6sx?nfO{cfslif{t ul//x]sf]5 .

g]kfnsf]ko{6g If]qsf]tLj| ljsf;åf/f g]kfn ;d[l4 / cGt/f{li6«o klxrfgsf]

af6f]df cl3 a9\g]5 / /fli6«o k'ghf{u/0fsf] cleofgn] tLj|tf kfpg]5 .

cfufdL bz jif{df #@ nfv ko{6snfO{ cfsif{0f ug]{ tyf nfvf}+ /f]huf/Lsf

cj;/ l;h{gf ug{ ;Sg]u/L ko{6g If]q g]kfnsf];d[l4 / klxrfgsf]alnof]

cfwf/ aGg]5 .

-&_ l5d]sL d'n's;+u ;Ddfghgs ;DaGw / ;xsfo{M g]kfnsf b'O{ljzfn l5d]sL

ef/t / rLg xfd|f]/fli6«o k'ghf{u/0f / gofF cGt/f{li6«o klxrfgsf nflu

afws xf]Og e/kbf]{ ldq / ;xof]uL x'g ;S5g\ . xfd|f] ljj]sk"0f{ /fli6«o

Jojxf/ / k//fi6«;DaGwsf dfWodaf6 xfdL b'a}l5d]sL d'n's;+u :jfwLg /

:jtGq /fi6«sf]klxrfg jf]s]/ ;Ddfgk"0f{;xsfo{ub}{cfly{s ljsf;sf];femf

uGtJodf ;xofqL x'g ;S5f}. b'a}d'n's;+usf]d}qLk"0f{/ ;Ddfghgs ;DaGw,

nufgL / Jofkf/df lj:tf/, phf{, ko{6g, oftfoft / ;+rf/sf] afwf/lxt

;+hfnsf dfWodaf6 g]kfnsf] ;d[l4 / k'ghf{u/0fsf] o'u k|f/De u/fpg

g]kfnL sf+u|]; ;+sNk ub{5 .

Page 21 of 84

21

P]ltxfl;s lj/f;t / pknlJw

v08 @

@=! g]kfnL sf+u|]; M /fli6«otf / nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngsf] ;+jfxs

cfb/0fLo lbbLalxgL–bfh'efOx?,

g]kfnL sf+u|]; nfdf] nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngsf] lg/Gt/ g]t[Tj ug]{ tyf /fi6« /

hgtf dfly cfOk/]sf x/]s ;+s6 ;dfwfg ug]{ P]ltxfl;s kf6L{ xf] . g]kfnL

sf+u|];n]g}/fli6«o Pstf / /fli6«otfsf]efjgfnfO{;'b[9 agfpFb}g]kfnL ;dfhnfO{

;fdGtL ;f]r, ;+:sf/ / zf;gaf6 d'Qm ub}{ Jofks gful/s r]tgf, clwsf/ /

cfly{s ljsf;sf]cfw'lgs o'utkm{ pGd'v u/fPsf]xf].

g]kfnL sf+u|];n] @))# ;fnb]lv hgtfsf] zflGtk"0f{ nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngsf]

g]t[Tj ub}{cfPsf] 5 . hxflgofF/f0ff zf;gsf lj?4 @))& ;fndf hgqmflGtsf]

cfXjfg ub}{ g]kfnL sf+u|];n]nf]stGq / hgtfsf]dtaf6 dfq zf;g ug{ kfpg]

k4ltsf]:yfkgf u¥of].

@)!& ;fndf /fhfaf6 sk6k"j{s nf]stGq / hgclwsf/ ckx/0f ul/Pkl5 #)

jif{;Dd lg/Gt/ ;+3if{ u/]sf]g]kfnL sf+u|];sf]cfXjfg / g]t[Tjdf @)$^ ;fnsf]

P]ltxfl;s hgcfGbf]ng ;kmn eof].

nfdf];+3if{ / jlnbfgaf6 k|fKt ePsf hgtfsf clwsf/ / cfjfh @)%@ b]lv

k|f/De ePsf]dfcf]jfbL åGå / xTof–lx+;fsf]k|sf]kdf !! jif{;Dd lg/Gt/ lg:t]h

aGb}/ vf]l;b} uP . dfcf]jfbL åGåsf] pTsif{s} a]nf km]l/ Psk6s /fhfåf/f

@)%( ;fndf nf]stGq / hgtfsf clwsf/ ckxl/t eP . nf]stGq / /fi6«dfly

cfOk/]sf]of]bf]xf]/f];+s6af6 g]kfnL sf+u|];n]g}b]z / hgtfnfO{d'lSt lbnfof].

@)^@÷^# sf]ce"tk"j{nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngsf]g]t[Tj ub}{/fhtGqsf]:j]R5frf/L

o'u ;dfKt kf/L g]kfnL sf+u|];n]g}dfcf]jfbL lx+;f / xltof/ la;fpg nufP/

lbuf]zflGt / ;+3Lo ;dfj]zL nf]stflGqs u0ftGq g]kfnsf]cfwf/lznf /fVof].

@)^$ ;fndf ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg ug{ y'k|}afwf / cfGbf]ngsf] ;+s6k"0f{

kl/l:yltsf]l;h{gf eof]. t/ ;a}cfGbf]ng / cj/f]wnfO{ zflGtk"0f{ ;xdltdf

6'+UofP/ g]kfnL sf+u|];s}g]t[Tjdf ;+ljwfg;efsf]lgjf{rg ;Dej x'g ;Sof]. of]

cjlwdf dw]zsf]cfGbf]ng, cflbjf;L hghfltsf]klxrfgsf]cfGbf]ng, dlxnf,

Page 22 of 84

22

blnt, yf?, d'l:nd, lk58fju{, cNk;+Vos ;d'bfo Pj+ s0ff{nL / b'u{d If]qsf

hgtfsf]plrt k|ltlglwTj / clwsf/sf]cfGbf]ngsf]zflGtk"0f{ lgsf; g]kfnL

sf+u|];s}g]t[Tjdf ;+ej x'g ;Sof].

klxnf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] $ jif{;Dd jfdkGyL g]t[Tjdf $ j6f ;/sf/sf] u7g

/ lj36g eof]. t/ b]zn];+ljwfg kfpg ;s]g, pN6}b]z jfdkGyL cltjfbL

lg0f{osf sf/0f uDeL/ ;+j}wflgs ;+s6df km:g uof] . bf];|f] ;+ljwfg;efsf]

dfWodaf6 g]kfnL sf+u|];n] k'gM Ps k6s ;+ljwfg;efaf6 ;+ljwfg hf/L ug]{

cleofgsf]g]t[Tj u¥of]. g]kfnL sf+u|];sf]b[9 ;+sNk tyf ;xdlt–;xsfo{–Pstf

/ d]nldnfksf] /fhg}lts ;+:sf/sf sf/0f ! jif{ !) dlxgf leq d'n'sn]

;+ljwfg;efaf6 P]ltxfl;s ;+ljwfg k|fKt ug{;Sof].

;+ljwfg;efaf6 ;+ljwfg hf/L x'g'eGbf cl3 / kl5 b]z Psk6s k'gM dw]z /

cflbjf;L hghflt cfGbf]ngsf sf/0f c;xh cj:yfdf k'u]sf]lyof]. ljgfzsf/L

e'sDkn] c:tJo:t ePsf] hg–hLjg ;Dxflng gkfpFb} g]kfnsf] blIf0fL

;Ldf If]qdf ePsf] gfsfaGbL / cfGbf]ngaf6 g]kfnL hgtf cfqmfGt ePsf

lyP . gfsfaGbL / dxfe"sDksf] bf]xf]/f] ;+s6sf] 38Ldf klg g]kfnL sf+u|];n]

cfGbf]ng/t kIf;Fu lg/Gt/ ;+jfb ub}{ e"sDk–kLl8t hgtfsf nflu /fli6«o /

cGt/f{li6«o :t/df ;xof]u kl/rfng u¥of] tyf ;Ldf If]qdf hf/L cdfgjLo

gfsfjGbLsf] l:ylt ;dfKt kfg{ l5d]sL ef/t;Fu lg/Gt/ ;+jfb / cGt/f{li6«o

hutsf]Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg]cleofgsf]g]t[Tj u¥of].

;+ljwfg;Fu ;DalGwt c;Gtf]ifnfO{;+jfbåf/f ;xdltdf k'uL ;+zf]wgsf]af6f]af6

;dfwfg ug{;lsG5 eGg]ljZjf;sf ;fy g]kfnL sf+u|];n]g};+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf]

nf]stflGqs k|lsofsf] g]t[Tj u¥of] . kmn:j?k ;+ljwfgsf] klxnf] ;+zf]wgåf/f

;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL k|ltlglwTjsf]d'2f df}lns clwsf/sf]c+u aGg uof]tyf

e"uf]n;Fu} hg;+Vof ;d]t k|ltlglwTjsf] k|d'v cfwf/ x'g] u/L gofF ;+ljwfg

kl/is[t eof]. of];+zf]wgkl5 dw]z / cGo cfGbf]ng ;d]t zflGtk"0f{ ;+jfbsf]

af6f]df kmls{g / ljZj:t x'g ;s]tyf b]zdf hf/L cdfgjLo gfsfjGbL ;d]t

tf]l8of].

of]lgjf{rg;Dd cfOk'Ubf g]kfnL sf+u|];n]kf6L{ ;efklt >L z]/axfb'/ b]pjfsf]

g]t[Tjdf ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf]dfWodaf6 dw]z / cflbjf;L hghflt cfGbf]ngsf

df+u / c;Gtf]if ;Daf]wg ug{;lsG5 eGg]nf]stflGqs k|lsof / ljlw dfly b]z /

cfGbf]ng/t kIfnfO{ ljZj:t kfg{;s]sf] 5 . tLg r/0fdf xfn};DkGg :yfgLo

lgjf{rgsf];kmntfn]o; dfGotfnfO{ k"0f{ ?kn];dy{g / cg'df]bg u/]sf]5 .

Page 23 of 84

23

lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{–dw]zsf hgtfsf aLr Jofks ;dembf/L / Pstfsf]

efjgf lg/Gt/ alnof] agfO{ /fVg] g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] of] nf]stflGqs k|lqmof /

k|of;n]/fi6«nfO{ uDeL/ ;+s6af6 kf/ nufPsf] 5 tyf /fli6«otf / nf]stGq

alnof] agfpg] bf]xf]/f] lhDd]jf/Lsf] klg ;kmntfk"j{s lgjf{x ePsf] 5 . log}

P]ltxfl;s lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x ub}{cfPsf sf/0f g]kfnL sf+u|]; b]zsf];a}eGbf h]7f],

e/kbf]{, /fli6«otf / nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngsf]g]t[Tjstf{/ x/]s ;+s6af6 /fi6«nfO{

hf]ufpg]kf6L{sf ?kdf :yflkt ePsf]5 .

@=@ g]kfnL sf+u|]; M ;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf] k|]/s

g]kfnL sf+u|]; cfˆgf] :yfkgfsfnb]lv /fhgLlts kl/jt{gsf] ;+jfxs dfq

geP/ ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts kl/jt{gsf] klg cu|0fL aGb}cfPsf]5 . ;fdflhs

lje]bsf]cGTosf]z+v3f]if g]kfnL sf+u|];n] g}z'? u/]sf] xf]. blntx?k|lt x'g]

cdfgjLo lje]b / 5'jf5't, dlxnf lj?4 x'g] lx+;f / lje]bsf Jojxf/, ul/a

/ c;xfok|ltsf] ckx]ngf tyf wd{, hft–hflt / ;DklQsf cfwf/df l;lh{t

;fdflhs c;dfgtfx?sf]cGTosf nflu g]kfnL sf+u|];n]rnfPsf cfGbf]ngx?

P]ltxfl;s k|df0fsf ?kdf /x]sf 5g\. g]kfnL sf+u|]; cGwljZjf;, ?9Ljflbtf,

5'jf5't / e]befj/lxt ;dfh lgdf{0f ug]{/fli6«o cleofgsf]g]t[TjbfoL kf6L{ xf].

o;sf ;fy}cfw'lgs / j}1flgs ;f]r ePsf]b]zsf]lrgf/L ;+;f/e/L :yflkt ug]{

;a}eGbf e/kbf]{ kl/jt{gsf/L zlQm klg xf].

@=@=! ;dfj]zLs/0f / ;zQmLs/0f

g]kfnL sf+u|]; /fHosf c+u / ;+oGqx?df ;fdflhs b[li6sf]0fn]k5fl8 k/]sf ju{/

If]qsf]k|ltlglwTj / kx'Frsf nflu cf/If0f / ;sf/fTds lje]bsf]gLltsf]kIfdf

5 . ;dfj]lztfsf]d'2fnfO{;+:yfut tj/n]an k'¥ofpg g]kfnL sf+u|];s}g]t[Tjdf

klxnf]k6s b]zdf /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]u, blnt cfof]u tyf cflbjf;L hghflt

k|lti7fg h:tf ;+:yfut ;+/rgfsf]lgdf{0f eof]. sf+u|];s}g]t[Tjsf];/sf/sf]

kfnfdf /fli6«o k|;f/0f dfWodaf6 g]kfnL afx]s cGo :yfgLo efiffdf ;dfrf/ /

cGo ;"rgfd"ns ;fdu|Lsf]k|;f/0f k|f/De eof]. ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts kl/jt{gsf

cfˆgf oL cu|;/tfnfO{ yk an k'¥ofpg / dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt,

dw]zL, yf?, d'l:nd, lk58f ju{, cNk;+Vos ;d'bfo / b'u{d If]qsf hgtfsf]

k|ltlglwTj / kx'Frsf]gofF;+j}wflgs Joj:yfnfO{ b[9tfsf ;fy sfof{Gjog ug{

g]kfnL sf+u|]; k|lta4 5 .

g]kfnL sf+u|]; ljutb]lv k|f/De ePsf nf]stflGqs / ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0fsf

sfo{qmdx?nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbFb}yk gofF ;fdflhs gLlt / sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog

ug]{ k|ltj4tf JoQm ub{5 . ablnFbf]/fhgLlts, ;fdflhs, cfly{s / ;f+:s[lts

Page 24 of 84

24

;Gbe{df casf];fdflhs gLlt / sfo{qmdsf]p2]Zo ;a}If]q, ju{, wd{, ln+u,

hft–hfltsf ljkGg, alxis[t, ;LdfGtLs[t ;d'bfox?sf]Ifdtf ljsf;df ;3fp

k'¥ofpg]Pj+ /fHosf ;|f]t, ;fwg / cj;/df ltgsf]kx'Fr clea[l4 ug]{ lbzftkm{

nlIft x'g'kb{5 eGg]xfd|f]c7f]6 /x]sf]5 .

@=@=@ Gofok"0f{ ;dfh :yfkgf

ljZjJofkLs/0f / cfw'lgsLs/0fsf k|s[ofx?n];dfhsf]ljsf; / ?kfGt/0f dfq

u/]sf]ge};dfhdf ;d:ofx? klg l;h{gf u/]sf 5g\. ul/aL, hftLo / juL{o

lje]b h:tf k/Dk/fut ;d:ofsf cltl/Qm a;fO ;/fO, clgof]lht zx/Ls/0f,

hg;+Vof a[l4, hnjfo'kl/jt{g / kof{j/0fsf]c;Gt'ng h:tf ;d:of g]kfnL

;dfhdf b]lvg yfn]sf 5g\. oL k|j[lQn]ubf{;dfhdf gofF:j?ksf c;dfgtfx?

plAhPsf 5g\. km/s :j?k / k|s[ltsf oL gofF;fdflhs c;dfgtfx?sf]cGTo

ug]{ lbzftkm{ klg g]kfnL sf+u|]; uDeL/ /x]sf]5 .

g]kfnL sf+u|];n]gLltut ?kdf g}dlxnf lj?4 x'g];a}k|sf/sf zf]if0f / 3/]n'

lx+;fdf bf]ifL b]lvPsf JolQm g]kfnL sf+u|];sf]lqmofzLn ;b:o jGg / /xg g;Sg]

Joj:yf u/]sf]5 . To;}u/L blntsf ;Gbe{df klg pgLx?;Fu 5'jf5'tsf]Jojxf/

ug]{JolQm g]kfnL sf+u|];sf]lqmofzLn ;b:o aGg / /xg g;Sg]gLltut Joj:yf

ul/Psf]5 . sfg"gn];d]t lje]bsf o:tf Jojxf/ b08gLo agfPsf]5 . t/

sfg"gL pkrf/n]dfq xf]Og, o:tf cdfgjLo Jojxf/sf lj?4 Jofks ;fdflhs

cleofg rnfpg clgjfo{ ePsf]g]kfnL sf+u|];sf]7x/ 5 .

;dfj]zL / ;zQm g]t[Tj ljsf;sf]Ph]08f /fHo ;+/rgf;Fu}kf6L{sf];+/rgfdf klg

k|efjsf/L agfpFbf dfq ;zQmLs/0fsf]cleofgn]Jofks ;fdflhs / /fhgLlts

cfwf/ kfpF5 . of]wf/0ffk|lt k|ltj4 ePs}sf/0f g]kfnL sf+u|];sf]g]t[Tj ;+/rgf

/ kf6L{k|ltlglwTj P]ltxfl;s ?kn];dfj]zL /xb}cfPsf]5 . ;dfj]zL k|ltlglwTj

/ g]t[Tj ljsf;sf]bfo/f tNnf]txb]lv s]Gb|;Dd ;+:yfut ug{ g]kfnL sf+u|];n]

cfˆgf]kf6L{;+/rgfdf afx|f}dxflwj]zgb]lv g}ufpFtxb]lv s]Gb|;Dd ljleGg hflt,

ju{/ If]qsf]k|ltlglwTjsf nflu ljwfgd}cf/If0fsf]Joj:yf u/]sf]5 .

g]kfndf cem}]plrt Joj:yfkg x'g g;s]sf jfbL, d'Qm sdn/L, d'Qm sd}of,

r]kfa, /fp6] tyf uGwj{ ;d'bfo nlIft /f]huf/Lsf sfo{qmdx?nfO{ pgLx?sf

k/Dk/fut k]zf / df}lns klxrfg;Fu k|lts"n gx'g]u/L ;+rfng ug'{ kb{5 eGg]

g]kfnL sf+u|];sf]b[li6sf]0f /x]sf]5 .

Page 25 of 84

25

@=@=# dof{lbt /f]huf/L, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff / ;d[4 kl/jf/ lgdf{0f

d'n'sdf a]/f]huf/Lsf];d:of sxfnLnfUbf]cj:yfdf /x]sf]5 . ljut bz jif{df

bzf}+ nfv g]kfnL o'jf sfdsf]vf]lhdf ljb]lzPsf 5g\. of]a}b]lzs /f]huf/Ln]

hLjg lgjf{xsf nflu s]xL cj;/ k|bfg u/]klg a9\bf]k/lge{/tf, kfl/jfl/s å]if

/ ;fdflhs j]lylt nufotsf 36gfx? kl5Nnf];do x\jfQ}a9]sf 5g\. To;}n]

cfGtl/s /f]huf/L k|j4{g / j}b]lzs /f]huf/L Joj:yfkgdf ;/sf/n]uDeL/ kxn

ug'{kg]{cj:yf cfPsf]g]kfnL sf+u|];sf]lgZsif{5 .

s[lif, ko{6g / ;Dkbf ;+/If0f, pBf]u, ;xsf/L, k|ljlw h:tf If]qsf pBdLnfO{

gLltut k|f]T;fxg ;Fu}lglZrt dfqfsf]cg'bfg pknAw u/fO{ nufgL j[l4 u/L

ufpFdf /x]sf o'jfx?nfO{:yfgLo txdf /f]huf/L l;h{gf u/L pTkfbgd"ns sfo{df

;+nUg u/fpg :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ul/g]5 .

/f]huf/L k|j4{gsf lglDt k|fljlws lzIff / ;Lk ljsf;sf]Jofks cj;/ :yfgLo

;/sf/n] l;h{gf ug{ cfjZos ;xof]u k'¥ofOg]5 . pko'Qm /f]huf/L pknJw

g'xFbf;Dd ;fd'bflos ;]jf / ljsf; sfo{df ;+nUg u/fO{ a]/fhuf/ eQf pknAw

u/fOg]5 .

cfod"ns sfo{df ;+nUg x'g c;dy{ h]i7 gful/s, Psn / czQm dlxnf,

ckfËtf ePsf JolQm, c;xfo / afnaflnsfx?nfO{ ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf]Joj:yf

ug{ g]kfnL sf+u|]; k|lta4 /x]sf]5 .

cfh xfdL ;"rgf / k|ljlwsf]o'udf 5f}+ . ablnFbf]ljZj kl/j]zdf g]kfnL 3/ /

kl/jf/sf]:j?k klg ablnb}uPsf 5g . kl/jf/ /fHon]Wofg lbg'kg]{ ;a}eGbf

tNnf]txsf];fdflhs OsfO{ xf]. zfGt / ;d[4 kl/jf/ lgdf{0f ug]{cleofgnfO{

:yfgLo ;/sf/n]b[9tfk"j{s an k|bfg ug]{5 . lzlIft / ;';"lrt kl/jf/ agfpg]

dxTjk"0f{cfwf/ lzIff, ;"rgf k|ljlwdf kx'Fr / /f]huf/Lsf];'lglZrttf klg xf].

To;}n]ablnFbf]kl/j]zdf ca—Ps kl/jf/–Ps /f]huf/, o'jfsf]nIo –;Lk / bIf

h:tf gLlt / sfo{qmdnfO{ cleofgsf]?kdf g]kfnL sf+u|];n]:yfgLo ;/sf/sf

dfWodaf6 ;+rfng ug]{5 . o;n]:yfgLo txb]lv g}g]kfnL o'jfnfO{cfTdlge{/ /

xfd|f];dfhnfO{cfw'lgs / k|ljlwo'Qm ljZj k|0ffnLdf cfa4 ug]{5 .

@=# g]kfnL sf+u|]; M nf]stflGqs ;dfhjfb / cfly{s ljsf;sf] cleoGtf

lj=;+= @)!% ;fndf lgjf{lrt aLkL sf]O/fnf g]t[Tjsf]g]kfnL sf+u|];sf];/sf/n]

;fdGtL cy{Joj:yfsf ;+/rgfnfO{ ;dfKt kfg]{ qmflGtsf/L sfdsf]k|f/De u/]sf]

lyof]. hldGbf/L / ljtf{k|yfsf]pGd"ng, jg–h+unsf]/fli6«os/0f, df]xLsf]xs /

Page 26 of 84

26

e"ld Joj:yfdf ;'wf/ h:tf sfo{n]cfly{s ljsf; / cfw'lgstfsf]hu a;fn]sf]

lyof]. g]kfndf Jofks cf}wf]lusLs/0f, l;+rfO / xjfO{ko{6gsf k|f/lDes kxnx?

oxL ;/sf/n]lnPsf]xf]. g]kfnsf]klxnf]ljZjljBfno / k"j{–klZrd nf]sdfu{sf]

yfngL ;+u;+u};xsf/L cfGbf]ng / :jtGq k//fi6«gLltsf]cu'jfO klg aL=kL=sf]

;/sf/n]u/]sf]xf].

lj=;+= @)$^ sf]/fhgLlts kl/jt{gkl5 ag]sf]g]kfnL sf+u|];sf];/sf/n]cfly{s

If]qdf o:t};fxl;s / b"/ufdL c;/ kfg]{ qmflGtsf/L sfd k|f/De u¥of]. of]

;/sf/n]cy{tGqdf Jofks ;+/rgfTds ;'wf/ u¥of]/ cfw'lgs cy{tGqsf]hu

a;fNof]. ljsf; lgdf{0fsf]cleofg ufpF–ufpF;Dd k'¥ofof]. oxL sf/0fn]ubf{,

lx+;fTds åGb / /fhgLlts cl:y/tfsf aLr klg o; cjlwdf cfly{s tyf

;fdflhs If]qdf ce"tk"j{ pknlAwx? xfl;n eP . nfdf];do lx+;fTds åGå

ef]u]sf ;+;f/sf sltko d'n'sx? 6f6 kN6]sf]cj:yfdf 5g\. t/ afx|aif{ nfdf]

lx+;fTds åGå / To;kl5 klg lg/Gt/ /fhgLlts cl:y/tfsf]rk]6fdf kbf{;d]t

g]kfnn];+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n]lgwf{/0f u/]sf clwsf+z ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIox? k"/f

u/]sf]5 . o;sf]>]o g]kfnL sf+u|]; / p;n]k|f/De u/]sf]cfly{s / ljsf; gLltn]

kfPsf]5 . lx+;fTds åGå / /fhgLlts cl:y/tfdf clNemg'gk/]sf]eP g]kfnL

hgtfsf ljsf; lgdf{0f / ;d[4 hLjgsf cem w]/}cfsf+Iffx? k"/f ug{;lsg]lyof]

eGg]sf+u|];sf]7x/ 5 .

@=#=! Jofks gLltut ;'wf/sf] k|f/De

hh{/ / ;+s'lrt cj:yfdf /x]sf] k~rfotsfnLg /fHos]lG›t cy{ Joj:yfnfO{

g]kfnL sf+u|];n]pbf/ cfly{s gLlt cg'?k k|lt:kwf{Tds, cfw'lgs / ;fdflhs

Gofo–pGd'v u/fof]. lghL If]qsf]e"ldsf, ahf/ ;+oGq / nufgLd}qL gLlt ;lDdlnt

of] km/s cfly{s bz{g ;fF3'/f] cy{df lghL If]qtkm{ dfq s]lGb|t lyPg . 7"nf]

;+Vofdf hgtf ;lqmo x'g]u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yf, ;xsf/L, :yfgLo tx / ;fd'bflos

If]qnfO{ ;d]t o;n]cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;sf ultljlwx?df k|f]T;flxt

u¥of]. cy{tGqsf]v'nfkg / k|lt:kwf{Tds ?kn];Dk"0f{If]qsf];fwg, ;|f]t, ;Lk,

Ifdtf tyf l;h{gfTds zlQmnfO{;d]t ;b'kof]u ug]{gLlt lnof]. pBf]u, Jofkf/,

ko{6g, ljb]zL ljlgdo, a}+lsa, k'FhL ahf/, s/–/fh:j, phf{–hnljB't\, ;+rf/,

xjfO oftfoft nufot cy{tGqsf x/]s If]qdf v'nf cfly{s gLlt ckgfO{:jb]zL

tyf ljb]zL nufgL cfslif{t ug]{gLlt k|f/De eof]. o;n]ubf{cy{tGqsf]Jofks

lj:tf/ x'g ;Sof].

sf+u|];sf];/sf/sf] kfnfdf j}1flgs s/ k|0ffnL d"No clej[l4 s/ -Eof6_ sf]

sfof{Gjog ul/of]. cfos/ P]g tyf eG;f/ P]g / k|zf;gdf Jofks ;'wf/ ul/of].

/fh:j If]qdf ul/Psf];fxl;s lg0f{osf sf/0f ;/sf/sf]9's'6L a9\of]. lj=;+=

Page 27 of 84

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@)$* df sl/j !@ ca{sf]xf/fxf/Ldf /x]sf]/fh:j c;"nL of]jif{k|rlnt d"Nodf

sl/j ?= &)) ca{ gf£g]cg'dfg 5 . of];|f]tnfO{ ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf]ljsf;,

;fdflhs If]q / u|fdL0f ljsf;tkm{pGd'v u/fO{ljsf; ah]6sf]&) k|ltzt /sd

u|fdL0f If]qdf vr{ ug]{ gLlt ckgfOof].

aL=kL= sf]O/fnfn] eGg] ug{'ePsf] ;dfhjfbL kl/jt{gsf] klxnf] uGtJo ufpF,

ls;fg / u|fdL0f cy{tGqdf Jofks / tLj|;'wf/ Nofpg'g}lyof]. dflyNnf]txaf6

cfly{s ljsf;sf]k|ltkmn tNnf]txdf :jtM emb}{ hfg]5 eGg]k'/fgf]l;4fGtnfO{

TofuL ljs]Gb|Ls/0f, ;xeflutfd"ns ljlw tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf sfo{qmddfkm{t

ef}uf]lns lx;fjn]:yfgLo :t/df / juL{o lx;fjn]ljsf;sf]kx'Fraflx/ /x]sf

hgtf;Dd ljsf;sf]k|ltkmn ;Lw}k'¥ofpg]k|lqmofsf]k|f/De eof].

g]kfnL sf+u|];n] k|f/De u/]sf oL gLltut kl/jt{gn] cfGtl/s ;|f]t–;fwgsf]

kl/rfng / Gofok"0f{ ljlgof]hgsf] lbzfdf 7"nf] kl/jt{g cfof] . cfGtl/s

;|f]t–;fwg a9]kl5 j}b]lzs ;xfotfdflysf]lge{/tf em08}#% k|ltztaf6 36]/

clxn]!% k|ltzteGbf sddf cfOk'u]sf]5 . cfˆg};fwg / ;|f]tn]caf}{+ ?k}ofF

nfutsf] dflyNnf] tfdfsf]zL hnljB't\, dWokxf8L nf]sdfu{, x'nfsL /fhdfu{,

sf7df8f}+–t/fO ›'tdfu{, l;S6f l;+rfO, /fi6«klt r'/] t/fO–dw]z ;+/If0f

sfo{qmdh:tf 7"nf cfof]hgfx? ;~rfng ug{;Sg]ePsf 5f}+ .

@=#=@ cfly{s ;fdflhs pknlAwx?

ljutdf g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] ;/sf/åf/f cfly{s If]qdf ul/Psf] ;'wf/, nufgLsf]

k|fyldsLs/0f, ;fwg / ;|f]tsf]cTo'Qd k|of]usf sf/0f cfly{s–;fdflhs If]qdf

pNn]vgLo pknlAwx? xfl;n x'g ;s]. ut @% jif{df ul/jLsf]/]vfd'lg /x]sf]

hg;+Vof cfwf 36]/ clxn]@! k|ltztdf cfOk'u]sf]5 . a}+s tyf ljQLo If]q,

;xsf/L, ljdfg ;]jf, ;~rf/ If]qsf] ljsf;df ce"tk"j{ ;kmntf ldn]sf] 5 .

&@,))) yfg dfq kmf]g ePsf]g]kfndf cfh d'n'ssf]hg;+VofeGbf klg w]/},

cyf{t\@ s/f]8 *) nfv df]afOn kmf]g g]kfnLsf]xft–xftdf 5 . z'4 vfg]kfgLdf

kx'Fr ePsf]hg;+Vof #^ k|ltzt /x]sf]df clxn]*$ k|ltzt k'u]sf]5 . sl/j &

xhf/ lsdL dfq ;8s lgdf{0f ePsf]df clxn];8s ljefu tyf :yfgLo txsf]

;d]t lx;fj ubf{sl/j &) xhf/ lsdL ;8s lgdf{0f e};s]sf]5 .

lghL If]qsf]7"nf]nufgLdf ljZjljBfno tyf ljBfnox? v'n]sf 5g\. dfWolds

lzIff lgMz'Ns u/fpg] sfo{qmd sf+u|];n] g} 3f]if0ff u/]sf] xf] . dw]zL, blnt,

d'l:nd, r]kfa, xlnof, sd}of, sdn/LnfO{ lgMz'Ns k|fljlws lzIffsf]Joj:yfsf

;fy}5fqfnfO{ljBfno k7fpg k|f]T;flxt ug{lbpF;f]sf]vfhfsf]Joj:yf sf+u|];sf]

;/sf/n]g}u/]sf]xf]. log}sfo{qmd / ;'ljwfx? lj:tf/ ul/Psf sf/0f @)$*

Page 28 of 84

28

;fndf #(=^ k|ltzt /x]sf]g]kfnL hgtfsf];fIf/tf k|ltzt a9]/ clxn]sl/a

&) k|ltzt k'u]sf]5 . !% b]lv @$ pd]/ ;d"xdf ;fIf/tf em08}() k|ltzt

k'u]sf]5 . xfd|f];fdflhs hLjgnfO{ ulx/f]k|efj kfg]{ u/L pRr lzIff txdf

5fqfsf];+Vof lg/Gt/ a9\b}uO{5fq–5fqfsf]cg'kft a/fa/L ePsf]5 .

To:t}:jf:Yo If]qdf 7"nf]kl/jt{g b]lvPsf]5 . lghLIf]qsf]nufgLdf 7"nf–7"nf

c:ktfnx? :yfkgf e}c:ktfn z}o\of em08}% xhf/ k'u]sf 5g\. s'n :jf:Yo

;+:yfx?sf];+Vof ;f9]$ xhf/ eGbf a9L k'u]sf]5 eg]7"nf c:ktfnx?sf];+Vof

klg !@) eGbf a9L k'u]sf]5 . ;'ljwf lj:tf/;Fu}afn tyf dft[d[To'b/df pNn]Vo

dfqfdf sdL cfPsf]5 .

k|hftGq k'g:yf{kgfkl5 @)$* ;fndf sf+u|];sf];/sf/n]$ xhf/ j6}uflj;df

k|fylds :jf:Yo rf}sL / k|To]s lgjf{rg If]qdf :jf:Yo s]Gb| vf]Ng] gLlt /

sfo{qmd k|f/De u/]sf]lyof]. lghL tyf ;/sf/L nufgLsf d]l8sn sn]haf6

a9\b} uPsf] lrlsT;s ;+Vof, c:ktfn ;'ljwf, Jofks ?kdf lj:tfl/t gl;{a

SofDk;af6 :jf:YosdL{sf] pTkfbg / :jf:Yo ;'ljwf lj:tf/sf sf/0f g]kfnL

hgtfsf]cf};t cfo'a9]/ %$ aif{af6 clxn]&! aif{ k'u]sf]5 .

o;/L ;fdflhs If]q / ljkGg hgtfk|ltsf]bfloTjnfO{ g]kfnL sf+u|];n]lg/Gt/

lgjf{x u¥of]. b]zsf]lk5l8Psf]ju{/ e"–efusf hgtfnfO{ ljsf;sf]k|ltkmndf

;xefuL agfO{ ljsf;sf] d"nwf/df Nofpg]u/L sf+u|];n] @)$* df agfPsf]

cf7f}+ cfjlws of]hgfdf s'n ;/sf/L vr{dWo] ;a}eGbf a9L /sd ;fdflhs

If]qdf nufgL u/L ljsf;sf]cleofg z'? ul/Psf]lyof]. ;Dk"0f{ ;fj{hlgs vr{

k|0ffnLdf k'g/fjnf]sg u/L ;/sf/sf]nufgL k"jf{wf/ ljsf; / ;fdflhs If]qdf

s]lG›t ul/Psf]lyof]. ;fdflhs Gofosf nflu ;/sf/sf]vr{ k|0ffnLdf ul/Psf]

oxL kl/jt{gn]ubf{ufpFsf u/La ls;fg >lds / ltgsf ;Gtfgsf]lzIff, :jf:Yo

;]jf, z'4 lkpg] kfgL, ;/;kmfO / u|fdL0f If]qsf] k"jf{wf/ / /f]huf/Ldf kx'Fr

k'Ug ;Sof] . ;fdflhs If]qsf] ljsf;df of] Pp6f 7"nf] km8\sf] g}lyof] . of]

gLlt / sfo{qmdsf];'?jftnfO{kl5Nnf aif{x?df cGo ;/sf/x?n]klg lg/Gt/tf

lbPsfn]cfh ;fdflhs If]qdf 7'nf pknlAwx? xfl;n x'Fb}uPsf 5g\.

@=#=# ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] sfo{qmd

lzIff, :jf:Yo If]qsf ;fdflhs sfo{qmdx?sf cltl/Qm j[4j[4f eQfdf j[l4,

Psn dlxnf eQf, s]6fs]6LnfO{ljBfno k7fpg]dlxnfnfO{vfhfeQf, lk5l8Psf

ju{nfO{ lgMz'Ns k9fOsf]Joj:yf, ljleGg 3fts /f]usf]lgMz'Ns / ;x'lnotk"0f{

pkrf/ nufotsf hgtfnfO{ k|ToIf nfe k'Ug] ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf sfo{qmdx?

g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] ;/sf/n] sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] xf] . ;fdflhs ;'/Iffdf ;a}

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gful/snfO{cfa4 ug]{sfo{qmd, Ho]i7 gful/sx?nfO{ lbOb}cfPsf]eQfdf bf]Aa/

j[l4, Psn dlxnf, ckfË, ;LdfGtLs[t / lk5l8Psf ju{, blntnfO{ eQf tyf

;'ljwfsf] Joj:yf, dlxnf ;fIf/tf sd ePsf lhNnfx?df k|fylds lzIffdf

k|f]T;fxg ug{ dfl;s eQfsf] Joj:yf, s0ff{nLsf hgtfsf nflu /f]huf/Lsf]

Joj:yf h:tf k|f]T;fxg / ;fdflhs Gofosf sfo{qmd sf+u|]; ;/sf/df x'Fbf

NofOPsf x'g\ . g]kfnL sf+u|];åf/f ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu ;'? ul/Psf u|fdL0f

:jfjnDjg sfo{qmd, n3'C0f sfo{qmd, u|fdL0f ljsf; a}+s, ul/a;+u ljZj]Zj/,

dlxnf hfu[tL,ul/aL lgjf/0f sf]if / o'jf :j/f]huf/ pbfx/0fLo 5g\ . sf+u|];

;/sf/sf]g]t[Tjdf klxnf]k6s :yfkgf ePsf dlxnf cfof]u, blnt cfof]u /

cflbjf;L hghflt k|lti7fgn]clxn]gofF;+j}wflgs cfof]usf]:j?k kfPsf 5g\.

To;}u/L d'6', d[uf}nf, l;sn;]n Plgldof, SofG;/, kfls{G;g, cNhfOd/ /f]u nfu]sf

j[4 tyf ljkGgnfO{ lgMz'Ns :jf:Yo pkrf/sf nflu ;/sf/L ;xof]usf]Joj:yf

sf+u|]; g]t[Tjsf];/sf/n]u¥of]. dft[:jf:Yosf]If]qdf sfd ul//x]sfx?sf]kf]zfs

eQfdf j[l4 ul/of] eg] ;a} gu/kflnsfx?df !% z}ofsf] c:ktfn lgdf{0f ug]{

3f]if0ff ul/of]. lk5l8Psf, ljkGg, blnt, nf]kf]Gd'v hflt / ;LdfGtLs[t ;d'bfonfO{

nlIot u/L 3/ lgdf{0f ul/lbg]cfjf; ;'wf/ sfo{qmdnfO{ yk jh]6 ljlgof]hg

;d]t ul/of]. lzIff tyf :jf:Yo If]qdf lj:tf/ ul/Psf ;'ljwfx?, z'4 vfg]kfgLsf]

Joj:yf, ;8s ;~rf/ h:tf k"jf{wf/sf]ljsf; / ;]jfnfO{ ufpFufpF;Dd lj:tf/

ul/Psf]n];fdflhs If]qdf olt 7"nf];'wf/ cfPsf] xf]. oxL sf/0f o"Pg8LkLsf]

dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg @)!) df lzIff / :jf:Yo h:tf If]qdf rfdTsfl/s ?kdf

k|ult ug]{ ljZjsf yf]/}r'lgPsf d'n'sdf g]kfn klg ;dfj]z ePsf]5 .

sf+u|];sf];/sf/n];j}g]kfnLsf]clgjfo{ :jf:Yo jLdf u/fpg]u/L :jf:Yo aLdf

P]g @)&$ Nofof]. gful/sn]pkrf/ vr{sf]cefjn]3/ v]t g}a]Rg'kg]{, aGws

/fVg'kg]{ jf vr{ cefjsf sf/0f pkrf/ g} ug{ gkfpg] cj:yfsf] bL3{sfnLg

;dfwfgsf]cfwf/ eg]sf]:jf:Yo aLdf xf]. g]kfnL sf+u|];sf tTsfnLg ;efklt

;'zLn sf]O/fnfn]@)&! ;fndf /fli6«o :jf:Yo gLlt kfl/t u/L aLdf sfo{qmdsf]

kfOnl6a k|f/De ug'{ePsf]lyof]/ e/v/}...;j}gful/snfO{clgjfo{:jf:Yo jLdfÚ

;DaGwL ;+;bdf k]z ePsf]:jf:Yo aLdf ljw]os kfl/t ePsf] 5 . /fi6«;]js

sd{rf/Lx¿, j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg]x?sf]kl/jf/ / cf}krfl/s If]qdf sfo{/t JolQm

clgjfo{ aLdfdf cfj4 x'g]5g\. k"0f{ ckf+utf ePsf JolQm, Psn dlxnf, Ho]i7

gful/s / cgfy afnaflnsfsf nflu ;/sf/ jf ;+/Ifsn]lk|ldod Aoxf]/]/ aLdfdf

cfa4 u/fpg'kg]{5 . ul/j, ljkGg gful/ssf]aLdf lk|ldod ;/sf/n]Aoxf]g]{5 .

ca cfwf/e't :jf:Yo ;]jf k'0f{tM lgz'Ns x'g]5 . aLdfsf]k"0f{ sfof{Gjog gx'g]

j]nf;Dd xfn ;/sf/n]k|bfg u/]sf]cfwf/e"t afx]ssf lgz'Ns ;]jf -d'6', d[uf}nf,

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nufot_ klg oyfjt /xg]5g\. aLdf sfof{Gjog ePkl5 s'g}klg gful/s vr{

cefjsf sf/0f pkrf/jf6 jl~rt x'g'kg]{ 5}g . aLdfdfkm{t k|bfg ul/g];]jf

lghL, u}/;/sf/L :jf:Yo ;+:yfjf6 klg pknJw x'g] x'Fbf tL lgsfosf];]jfsf]

u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrt ug{, u'0f:t/ dfkg / lgodgsf]nflu Pp6f :jfoQ ljz]if1

lgsfosf]?kdf u'0f:t/ k|df0fLs/0f k|flws/0f P]g th{'df ul/g]ePsf]5 .

;j};/sf/L c:ktfndf ;fdflhs ;]jf OsfOsf]lj:tf/ ul/Psf]5 . afy, d'6'/f]u

zNolqmof / d[uf}nf k|Tof/f]k0fnfO{ lgz'Ns u/fOPsf] 5 . 8fon]l;; ;]jfnfO{

;Dk"0f{ ?kdf lgz'Ns ul/Psf]5 . o;nfO{ qmdz :yfgLo tx;Dd lj:tf/ ub}{

nlug]5 . * s8f /f]ux¿nfO{ pkrf/ ;xfotf pknAw u/fpb}cfPsf]df Tof]

;"rLdf yk /f]ux¿ ;dfj]z u/L !@ agfOPsf]5 .

/f]u g}nfUg glbg :jf:Yo rf}sL / hgtf :jf:Yo s]G› ;Dd d[uf}nf, d'6'/ SofG;/

/f]usf]k|f/lDes k/LIf0f / :j:y hLagz}nL ckgfpg k/fdz{;]jf ;+rfng sfo{

k|f/De ul/Psf]

5 . gjhft lzz'sf]pkrf/ / dlxnfsf]kf7]3/sf]d'vsf]SofG;/ k/LIf0f nfO{

b]zel/ g}lgz'Ns ul/Psf]5 . ca k};f geP/ s'g}klg gful/s pkrf/jf6

al~rt x'g]cj:yf cfpg glbg g]kfnL sf+u|]; k|lta4 ePsf]5 .

@=#=$ ls;fgnfO{ /fxt

s[lifsf]Jofj;flos ljsf; / ls;fgnfO{ k|ToIf /fxtsf nflu sf+u|]; ;/sf/df

x'Fbf y'k|} cg'bfg tyf ;x'lnotx?sf] 3f]if0ff ul/of] . s[lifdf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u

a9fpg / Jofj;flosLs/0fsf nflu s[lif pks/0f, cf}hf/, 9'jfgLsf ;fdfg

cflbsf]cfoftdf cg'bfgsf]Joj:yf ul/of]. ls;fgsf]ljQLo cfjZostf k"/f

ug{ pgLx?nfO{ ^ k|ltzt Aofhb/df C0f ;'ljwf tyf ;x'lnot b/df dlxnf

pBdzLntf shf{sf]Joj:yf 3f]if0ff u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOof]. ;Dk"0f{v]tLof]Uo

hdLgdf l;+rfO ;'ljwfsf] 3f]if0ff, ahf/Ls/0fsf] Joj:yf;lxt ux'F, ds}, wfg

tyf t/sf/Lsf]pTkfbg a9fpg ks]6 If]q ljsf;sf]3f]if0ff, afnL aLdf lj:tf/

kl5Nnf]k6s sf+u|]; ;/sf/df /xFbf 3f]if0ff ul/Psf tfhf sfo{qmdx? x'g\. ;g\

!((^ / ;g\ @)!$ sf @) jif]{ s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltx? b'a}sf+u|]; ;/sf/sf]

g]t[Tjdf NofOPsf x'g\.

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cfb/0fLo lbbLalxgL–bfh'efOx?,

g]kfnL sf+u|];n]cjnDjg u/]sf]cfly{s bz{g / ;'wf/sf sf/0f oL pknlAwx?

xfl;n x'g ;s]klg To;kl5sf ;/sf/x?df oL gLltx?n] plQs} uDeL/tfsf

;fy lg/Gt/tf kfpg ;s]gg\. lj=;+ @)%@ ;fnkl5 lqz+s';+;b\, cNkdtsf]

;/sf/, /fhgLlts cl:y/tf, sltko bnaLr cfly{s gLltdf b]lvPsf]c:ki6tf

/ lx+;fTds åGån] pu|?k lng yfn]kl5 cfly{s j[l4b/n] klS8Psf] ult ;':t

x'g k'Uof]. tyflk lj=;+ @)$* kl5 /flvPsf]cfly{s ;'wf/sf]of]dhj't hu

kl/jt{g ePg . ;:tf]k|rf/eGbf klg cy{tGqsf]lbuf]/ bL3{sfnLg ljsf;nfO{

k|fyldstf lbOPsf]n] o;af6 s'g} klg bn / ;/sf/ kl5 x6\g ;Sg] l:ylt

lyPg . ;fj{hlgs vktsf nflu h:tf];'s}efif0fafhL / b:tfa]hdf h];'s}s'/f

n]lvPklg ;Qfdf uPkl5 l9nf]rfF8f];a}bnx?n]o; gLltnfO{ g}cg';/0f ug{

afWo x'g'k¥of]. sf+u|];n];/sf/sf]g]t[Tj ;DxfNg]cj;/ kfpgf;fy z'? ul/Psf

gLlt, sfo{qmdx?nfO{k'gM sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg]/ ult k|bfg ug]{sfd u¥of]. oxL

sf/0f xfdL lx+;fTds åGå / /fhgLlts cl:y/tfsf aLr klg cfly{s–;fdflhs

If]qdf pNn]vgLo pknlAw xfl;n ug{;kmn ePsf 5f}+ . oltdfq xf]Og, ljsf;sf

nflu sf+u|];n]ljutdf h;/L cu'jfO u¥of], cfufdL lbgdf klg b]zsf]cfly{s

ljsf; / hgtfsf];d[l4sf nflu g]kfnL sf+u|];n]g}:yfgLo ;/sf/sf]g]t[Tj

;d]t lng'k5{ eGg]wf/0ff hgtfdf alnof]ag]sf]5 .

g]kfnL sf+u|]; hgtfsf]cfly{s ljsf; / ;d[l4sf]rfxgf k"/f ug{lg/Gt/ lqmofzLn

/ k|lta4 /x]sf]5 . ;fdflhs Gofo / nf]ssNof0fsf/L cfly{s–;fdflhs sfo{qmd

;lxtsf]/fHo, ;fdflhs lhDd]jf/L af]w ;lxtsf]lghL If]qsf]pBdzLntf /

g]t[Tj tyf ;xsf/L, u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yf / ;fd'bflos hgkl/rfngsf]pmhf{nfO{

Jofks ?kdf pkof]u ub}{g]kfnL sf+u|];n];d[4 / cfw'lgs /fi6«Pj+ nf]stflGqs

;dfhjfbsf]alnof]cfwf/ lgdf{0f ug]{5 .

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32

casf] xfd|f] ;+sNk

v08 #

b]zclxn]hgtfsf df}lnsclwsf/x? ;+:yfut ub}{b|'t cfly{s–;fdflhspGgltsf]

af6f];dfTg e/kbf]{g]t[Tjsf]vf]hLdf 5 . Tof]g]t[Tj ca g]kfnL sf+u|];n]lng]5 .

nf]stGq, ;'zf;g / ;d[l4nfO{;w}s]Gb|df /fVb}cfPsf]P]ltxfl;s /fhgLlts bn

xf]g]kfnL sf+u|]; . xfdL ;+3LotfnfO{ zf;sLo :jfoQtfsf]zlQmzfnL pks/0f

xf]eGg]7fGb5f}+ . of]pks/0fnfO{ hglgjf{lrt ;/sf/x? dfkm{t ;an, ;'b[9 /

;+:yfut ug]{ r'gf}tL / bfloTj clxn]xfd|f ;fd'5 . s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/nfO{ d"ntM

gLltut, k|b]znfO{ s]xL gLltutsf ;fy};]jf k|jfx / :yfgLo txnfO{ k"0f{?kn]

;]jf k|jfxsf]lhDd]jf/L ;+ljwfgn]k|bfg u/]sf]5 .

g]kfnL sf+u|]; of]3f]if0ffkq dfkm{t gofF;+ljwfgsf cfwf/e"t dfGotfx?sf]kfngf

/ sfof{Gjogk|lt k"0f{?kdf k|lta4 /x]sf] 3f]if0ff b[9tfk"j{s ug{ rfxG5 . of]

k|ltj4tf k"/f ug{ g]kfnL sf+u|];n]cfˆgf];Dk"0f{ /fhgLlts zlQm / ;+oGqnfO{

kl/rflnt ug]{5 . xfd|f] of] 3f]if0ffkq k|lta4tfkq dfq geP/ sfof{Gjogsf]

;+sNk klg xf].

#=! cfly{s ;d[l4sf] ;+sNk

pRr / km/flsnf]cfly{s j[l4sf]dxTjfsf+IfL /fli6«o cleofgsf]g]t[Tj ub}{g]kfnL

sf+u|];n]cfufdL kfFr jif{leq g]kfnL cy{tGqsf]cfsf/ -k|rlnt d'Nodf_ ?= %)

vj{/ k|ltJolQm cf};t jfli{fs cfo ?= !,%),))).– eGbf a9L x'g]u/L cy{tGqnfO{

ultzLn agfpg]5 . o;sf nflu g]kfnL sf+u|];n] gLltut ;'wf/x?sf]Jofks

kxn, ce"tk"j{:jb]zL tyf ljb]zL k"FhLsf]kl/rfng, r':t cfly{s Joj:yfkg /

c;n zf;gsf]k|Tofe"lt ;'lglZrt ug]{5 .

h;/L lj=;= @)$* kl5sf]kl/jt{g nuQ}g]kfnL sf+u|];n]z'? u/]sf gLltut

;'wf/x?sf]hudf d'n'sn];z:q åGå / nfdf];+qmd0f y]Ug]cfwf/ k|fKt u¥of],

g]kfnL sf+u|];n]km]l/ Ps k6s To:t}b"/ufdL dxTjsf]cfly{s ;d[l4sf]cleofgsf]

g]t[Tj / gLltut ;'wf/sf]cu|;/tf lng]5 .

sDo'lgi6 ;/sf/x?sf cl:y/, cljZj;gLo, e|i6 / nf]s–l/‰ofFOdf g};Lldt

gLltx?n]ubf{d'n'ssf]ljQLo cg'zf;g Wj:t ePsf]5 / ljsf;sf]hu sdhf]/

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33

ag]sf]5 . ahf/d'vL cy{tGqdf b]lvg]ljs[ltx?sf]lg/fs/0f ug{rflxg]/fHosf]

alnof]lgodgsf/L e"ldsf ;d]t sdhf]/ aGb}uPsf]5 .

g]kfnsf] cy{tGqnfO{ cj 1fg, cg'ej, ljj]s / cGt/f{li6«o ljZj;lgotfsf

cfwf/df hf]lvd df]n]/ eP klg b"/ufdL ;DkGgtfsf]af6f]df lx8fpg ;Sg]Ifdtf

g]kfnL sf+u|]; h:tf]pbf/ / nf]stflGqs zlQm;+u dfq 5 .

cfufdL !) jif{leq g]kfnnfO{ Pp6f ;Ddfghgs dWod cfo ePsf]ultzLn

/fi6«agfpg];+sNksf ;fy g]kfnL sf+u|]; lqmofzLn /xg]5 . o;sf nflu k|rlnt

d"Nodf cy{tGqsf]cfsf/ cfhsf]eGbf rf/ u'0ff 7"nf]agfpg'kg]{5 . slDtdf

klg Ps bzs;Dd jflif{s ;ft b]lv bz k|ltzt;Ddsf]cfly{s j[l4 b/ lg/Gt/

xfl;n ub}{ x/]s jif{ tLg b]lv kf+r nfv /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ l;h{gf ug{ g]kfnL

sf+u|]; k|lta4 5 . of]p2]Zo k"lt{ ug{sf nflu g]kfnL sf+u|];n]pko'Qm cfGtl/s

tyf jfx|o nufgLsf]jftfj/0f tof/ ug]{5 .

g]kfnL ;dfh / cy{tGqnfO{ ?kfGt/0f ug]{ nIo ;lxt s[lif, ko{6g, pmhf{,

pTkfbgd'ns pBf]u / gofF Jofkf/of]Uo If]qx?sf ;DefjgfnfO{ pb\3fl6t ub}{

o;;+u ;DjlGwt sfof{Gjogsf]hf]lvdsf kIfx? ;d]6L !) jif]{ ljsf; b[li6 /

/0fgLlt g]kfnL sf+u|];n]k|:tfj ug]{5 .

a[xt nufgL ;'lglZrt ug{g]kfnL sf+u|];n]bf];|f]r/0fsf]ljZj;gLo cfly{s ;'wf/sf]

>[+vnfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg]5 . xfn}g]kfnL sf+u|]; ;+nUg ;/sf/n]kfl/t u/]sf Ps

bh{g eGbf a9L ljQLo, >d, pmhf{/ pBf]u If]q;+u ;DjlGwt P]g / gLltx?nfO{

sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 . pmhf{, oftfoft tyf l;+rfO nufotsf ef}lts k"jf{wf/

lgdf{0fdf 7"nf]km8\sf]dfg'{kg]{ x'gfn]o;sf nflu Jofks k"FhL lgdf{0fsf]cleofg,

pbf/ ;f]r, :jR5 k|zf;g / ;+/rgfut ;'wf/ ug{ g]kfnL sf+u|]; sl6a4 /xg]5 .

alnof]/fHo, lghL pBd / ljlwsf]zf;gsf]k|Tofe"lt u/fOg]5 .

g]kfnL sf+u|];sf]g]t[Tjdf aGg];/sf/n]o; a[xt\/fli6«o ;+sNknfO{;fsf/ kfg{

gofF cfly{s cj;/x?sf]klxrfg u/L Jofks pTkfbg a[l4, /f]huf/L l;h{gf /

;dfj]zL ;d[l4nfO{cleofgsf]?kdf cufl8 j9fpg]5 . o'jf / dlxnf pBdLx?sf]

kl/rfng, s[lifsf]cfw'lgsLs/0f, ko{6gsf]ljsf;, pBf]usf]b|'t ljsf;, lzIff /

:jf:Yosf]If]qdf Jofks nufgL kl/rfng ul/g]5 .

#=!=! s[lifsf] cfw'lgsLs/0f

pTkfbg / pTkfbsTjdf clej[l4 u/L, s[lifsf]Joj;foLs/0f ub{}, s[lifdfly cfo

tyf /f]huf/Lsf nflu cfl>t hg;+Vof sd ub}{n}hfg'xfd|f]/0fgLlt x'g]5 . s[lif

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If]qaf6 lj:yflkt x'g]hgzlQmnfO{ cGo pTkfbgzLn sfddf nfUg tfnLd tyf

;Lk clej[l4 sfo{qmd ;+rfng ul/g]5 . hn, hdLg, h+un, hl8j'6L / hnfwf/ M

g]kfnL hgtfsf];d[l4sf]cfwf/ eGg]dfGotfdf k|fs[lts ;|f]t Joj:yfkgdf cfd

hgtfsf];xeflutf ;'lglZrt ul/g]5 .

n s[lifnfO{ cfsif{s k]zfsf]?kdf ljsf; ug{ s[lif–;xof]uL k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df

;/sf/sf] nufgL a9fOg]5 / s[lif k|ljlwsf] oflGqsLs/0f ug{ ;xof]u

k'¥ofOg]5 . s[lif k]zfdf lzlIft o'jfnfO{ cfslif{t u/L Jofj;flos s[lifdf

hf]8 lbOg]5 . ;fj{hlgs, lghL, ;xsf/L ;fem]bf/Ldf cfufdL # jif{leq

Pp6f /f;folgs dn sf/vfgf :yfkgf ul/g]5 . k|fËfl/s dnsf]cf}Bf]lus

pTkfbgsf nflu ;xsf/L ;+:yf tyf lghL If]qnfO{ cg';Gwfg, k|ljlw tyf

cfjZostf cg';f/ k'FhLut nufgLdf ;xof]u ul/g]5 .

n s[lif pTkfbsTj j[l4 ug{ pGgt k|ljlw, pGgt lap–aLhg, d]lzgsf]k|of]u,

l;+rfO, ahf/–:yn ljsf; / s[ifsx?nfO{ s[lif pTkfbg ahf/Ls/0f ug{

;xof]u k'¥ofOg]5 .

n Ps ufpFPs pTkfbg tyf Ps gu/ Ps sfo{qmdnfO{hf]8 lbO{ljz]if k|s[ltsf]

s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf lj:tf/ ul/g]5 .

n dw]zdf wfg / ux'F h:tf vfBfGg afnLsf] pTkfbsTj j[l4 ug{] / jfnL

:ofxfg{]qmddf x'g]Iflt sd ug{sf nflu k|ljlw ljsf; tyf k|;f/df hf]8

lbO{g]5 .

n g]kfnnfO{ pRr–kxf8L s[lif cg';Gwfgsf]cGt/f{li6«o s]G›sf] ?kdf ljsf;

ul/g]5 .

n pRr–kxf8L tyf lxdfnL If]qdf :ofp, sfutL, abfd, pmg / df;'sf nflu

kz'kfng cleofgsf ?kdf ;+rfng ul/g]5 .

n dWo–kxf8L If]qdf skmL, lrof, cn}+rL, ;'Gtnf k|hfltsf kmnkm"n, s]/f, cb'jf,

lslj, ds}tyf uxF'v]tL cleofgsf ?kdf ;+rfng ul/g]5 . /fli6«o Jofkf/

PsLs/0f /0fgLlt @)!^ n] k|fyldstfdf /fv]sf j:t'x?sf] lgof{t k|j4{g

ul/g]5 .

n cfufdL kfFr jif{leqdf g]kfnnfO{ df;', df5f, b'Uw–kbfy{, kmnkm"n, dx,

:ofp, Rofp, lrof, skmL, cb'jf / t/sf/Lsf]v'b lgof{tstf{ d'n'ssf]?kdf

pEofOg]5 .

n s[lif pTkfbgsf] lgof{t k|j4{g ug{ u'0f:t/ k|df0fLs/0fsf nflu sf7df8f}+,

lj/f6gu/, jL/u+h, e}/xjf / g]kfnu+hdf cTofw'lgs k|of]uzfnf :yfkgf

ul/g]5 .

n g]kfnaf6 nf]k eO;s]sf t/ cGt/f{li6«o hLg a}+sdf /x]sf g]kfnL :yfgLo

afnLsf hftx? /fli6«o hLg a}+sdf NofOg]5 . aLplahg e08f/0f ug{],

k'gMk|of]u ug{], ;f6f;f6 ug{]nufotsf s[ifssf]clwsf/x?åf/f tL hftx?sf]

;+/If0f ul/g]5 .

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n cfg'j+lzs ;|f]tsf] Jofj;flos pkof]udf :yfgLo s[ifs ;d'bfosf] xs

:yflkt ul/g]sfg"g NofOg]5 .

n j}1flgs e"ld;'wf/sf nflu e"ldsf] k/Dk/fut k|of]u / tT;DaGwL sfg"gL

Joj:yf, e"ld;'wf/ ;DaGwL k|ltj]bgx?, a;fO;/fO{sf]hg;f+lVos k4lt /

lj1 Pj+ s[ifssf]/fo– ;NnfxnfO{ ;d]t b[li6ut ub}{ s[lifdf e"–pkof]usf]

gLlt cjnDag ul/g]5 . s[lif sfo{sf nflu tf]lsPsf]hldg cGo p2]Zosf

nflu kl/rfng ug{ lgif]w ul/g]5 .

n v]tLkftL / kz'kfng tyf s[lif Pj+ kz'hGo pBf]usf]:yfkgf Pj+ Ifdtf

lj:tf/sf nflu nufgL ug{ rfxg]s[ifs / pBdLx?sf nflu ;'ne C0fsf]

Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .

n s[lif h}ljs ljljwtfsf]dxTj ePsf afnL tyf j:t'x?sf]klxrfg u/L lbuf]

;+/If0f tyf pkof]u sfo{qmd ;+rfng ul/g]5 .

n s[lifafnL Pj+ kz'wg aLdf sfo{nfO{Jofks ?kdf k|f]T;fxg lbOg]5 . hn pTkGg

k|sf]kaf6 kLl8t s[ifsx?n]Joxf]g]{ aLdf z'Nsdf cltl/Qm cg'bfg lbOg]5 .

aLdfn] ;+/lIft gu/]sf s[lif afnL tyf kz'wgdf x'g]IfltnfO{ /fxt lbg

s[ifs, ;xsf/L / :yfgLo ;/sf/sf];fem]bf/Ldf k|To]s ufpF÷gu/kflnsfdf

Ps /fxt sf]ifsf]:yfkgf ul/g]5 .

n s[lif ;fdu|L— aLp, dn, gZn ;'wf/, ljiffbL, cf}iflw cflbsf];xh cfk"lt{sf

nflu lghL tyf ;xsf/L If]qsf];xsfo{df ;'ky s[lif ;fdu|L k;nx? ;+rfng

ul/g]5 .

n s[ifsx?sf]pTkfbgnfO{;xh 9+un]ahf/ Joj:yf ug{:yfgLo tyf k|fb]lzs

ahf/ k|j4{g of]hgf ;+rfng ul/g]5 .

n s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltn] k|:tfj u/] cg';f/ s[ifs tyf ;d'bfosf] dfusf

cfwf/df ;fd'bflos s[lif ;]jf s]Gb|sf]:yfkgf tyf pTkfbg j[l4sf nflu

sf]N8 :6f]/]h / sf]N8 d"No >[+vnfsf]lgdf{0f ul/g]5 .

n jftfj/0f d}qL 9+un];+rfng x'g]s[lif, vfgL tyf vlgh kbfy{df cfwfl/t

/f]huf/d"ns pBf]unfO{;/sf/n]ljz]if k|f]T;fxg lbg]5 .

n b]zdf a9\b}uPsf]hUuf afFemf]5f]8\g]k|j[lQ, s[lifdf j9\bf]nfut, >dzlQmsf]

knfog h:tf ;d:ofx?nfO{ ;Djf]wg ub}{ s[lifnfO{ gfkmfd"ns Joj;fodf

?kfGt/0f ug{ ;fd'bflos v]tLsf] cjwf/0ff cufl8 a9fOg]5 . o:tf]

cjwf/0ffdf ;dflxt x'g]Jofj;flos kmfd{x?nfO{s[lifoGq pks/0f, pkhsf]

e08f/0f, k|zf]wg, ahf/Ls/0f, cf}Bf]lusLs/0f cflb sfo{df ;xof]u pknJw

u/fOg]5 .

n s[lifnfO{vfB ;'/Iff ;Daf]wg, zx/L ;dfhsf]cfjZostf kl/k"lt{tyf lgof{t

u/L tLgj6f ;dk"/s /0fgLlt;+u cfa4 u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .

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#=!=@ Kfo{6gdf u'0ffTds km8\sf]

/fi6«sf P]ltxfl;s, wfld{s–;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf, k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{/ h}ljs ljljwtfsf]

plrt :ofxf/–;Def/ / ;+/If0fåf/f ko{6g If]qdf u'0ffTds kl/jt{g ug'{ g]kfnL

sf+u|];sf] ;/sf/sf] klxnf] nIo x'g]5 . cfˆgf] ;f+:s[lts j}ej / k|fs[lts

;f}Gbo{–;Dkbfsf sf/0f g]kfnsf] df}lns klxrfg cGt/f{li6«o hut\df :yflkt

ePsf] 5 . oL klxrfgx?sf] k"0f{ pkof]u x'g] u/L cfjZos k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f /

jftfj/0f tof/ ug'{ g]kfnL sf+u|];sf]Wo]o xf]. g]kfn / g]kfnL hgtfsf]cltlyb]jf]

ej eGg];+:sf/ / k|]/0ffaf6 pTk]|l/t eO{;/sf/n]lgDg sfo{x? ug]{5 M

n cfufdL b; jif{df g]kfn leqg]ko{6sx¿sf];+Vof #@ nfv k'¥ofpg]nIo

;lxt u'0ffTds j[l4df hf]8 lbOg]5 .

n g]kfnnfO{cfGtl/s ko{6s, l5d]sL d'n'ssf]ko{6g tyf cGt/f{li6«o ko{6ssf]

uGtJo:yn agfpgsf nflu cfˆgf] ljlzi6tf, k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{, ;f+:s[lts

j}ej, kf}/fl0fs Pj+ P]ltxfl;s dxTj, ;fxl;s r'gf}tL, ;Dd]ng Pj+ k|bz{gL

cfof]hgf h:tf ahf/ ;d"xsf]cfwf/df juL{s/0f u/L ko{6g k|j4{g ul/g]5 .

n k"jf{wf/ / ;'ljwf gk'u]sf ;DefJo ko{6g :ynsf]ljsf; ug{ nufgLstf{nfO{

cfjZos ;x'lnot lbOg]5 . gofFko{6sLo cfsif{0fsf ?kdf lrlsT;f, lzIff

/ rnlrq lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg lghL Joj;fo;+usf] ;fem]bf/LnfO{

k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . .

n cfGtl/s ko{6g k|j4{g ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf /fi6«;]js sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ jif{df

kfFr lbg 3'd3fd ljbf / ?= @% xhf/ gub k|f]T;fxg lbOg]5 .

n cfw'lgs xf]6n gePsf ko{6g :ynx?df :t/Lo xf]6n lgdf{0fsf nflu ljQLo

5'6 lbOg]5 . xf]d:6], ;fgf nh tyf ;fd'bflos cfjf; Joj:yfkgsf nflu

:yfgLo ;d'bfonfO{;x'lnotk"0f{C0f, k|fljlws ;xof]u / tfnLd lbOg]5 .

n tLg} txsf sf+u|]; ;/sf/x?n] cfˆgf] sfo{If]qleqsf] P]ltxfl;s,

wfld{s–;+f:s[lts, k|fs[lts cfsif{0fsf ;|f]t / ;DkbfnfO{ cfly{s cfh{gsf]

cfwf/ agfpg]5g\.

n ;a} gu/kflnsf / ufpFkflnsfx?nfO{ k|b"if0fd'Qm, ;kmf / ;'ljwfo'Qm

oftfoftsf]Joj:yf ug{cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ;xof]uåf/f k|f]T;flxt ul/g]5 .

n a'4sf] hGde"ld n'lDagL, ;Ltfsf] hGde"ld hgsk'/ If]q, kz'klt If]q,

d'lQmgfy If]q, vKt8 If]q h:tf wfld{s, k'/ftflTjs tyf ko{6sLo :ynx¿sf

;fy}g]kfnsf rf/ wfdsf ?kdf k|ltli7t d'lQmgfy If]q, ?? If]q, b]j3f6 If]q

/ a/fx If]q h:tf kljq wfld{s :ynx?sf] k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf nflu ljz]if

sfo{qmd nfu'ul/g]5 .

n ;a}wfld{s :ynx¿nfO{ cfWofTdLs ko{6gsf s]G›x¿sf]¿kdf ljsf; ug{

æwfld{s :yn k"jf{wf/ ljsf; k|flws/0fÆ v8f ul/g]5 . k|flws/0fsf]sf]ifdf

;/sf/n]lglZrt /sd of]ubfg ug{]5 / eQmx¿n]r9fPsf]e]6L klg ;f]xL

sf]ifdf hDdf ul/g]5 .

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n 6]«lsË Joj;fodf ;+nUg el/ofx?nfO{ :t/Lo a'6 / kf]zfssf]Joj:yf ug{

;DaGwLt /f]huf/bftf sDkgLx?nfO{ ljlQo k|f]T;fxg lbOg]5 .

n csf]{kfFr jif{df ;fj{hlgs lghL ;xsfo{df ko{6sLo / cfly{s ;DefJotf x]/L

dgsfdgf / rGb|lu/L h:t}g]kfne/ slDtdf cf7 j6f yk s]a'nsf/ of]hgf

sfof{Gjog x'g]5g\.

n ko{6g lj:tf/sf nflu g]kfn;+u ldNbf]h'Nbf];+:s[lt ePsf blIf0f, k"jL{ tyf

blIf0f–k"jL{ PlzofnL b]zx?af6 dWodjuL{o ko{6sx? cfsif{0f ug{ ljz]if

sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng ul/g]5 .

#=!=# pBf]usf] k'ghf{u[lt

n cf}Bf]lusLs/0fsf nflu ul/Psf] clxn];Ddsf] gLltut sfof{Gjogaf6

l;lsPsf] kf7nfO{ pkof]u u/L j9\bf] Jofkf/ 3f6f 36fpg cf}Bf]lus

k'gh{fu/0fsf]cleofg yflng]5 . pBf]u / Jofkf/nfO{;xhLs/0f ug{PsLs[t

pBf]u jfl0fHo dGqfno / Pp6f :jfoQ /fli6«o Jofkf/ k|flws/0fsf]:yfkgf

ul/g]5 .

n s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf]cg'kftdf cf};t kfFr k|ltzt -jflif{s ?= ! vj{b]lv

% vj{_ a/fa/sf]ljb]zL k|ToIf nufgL leq\ofOg]5 . o;af6 cy{tGqdf :jb]zL

pTkfbgd"ns pBf]usf] c+z % af6 !% k|ltzt k'uL cGt/f{li6«o pTkfbg

;+hfndf uFfl;Psf]x'g]5 .

n cf}Bf]lus ;'/Iff, k"jf{wf/ ljsf;, gLltut :yfloTj, ;'zf;g Pj+ zf;sLo

l:y/tf, lghL If]q / dhb'/ o'lgogx? ;d]tsf];xdltsf]hudf cf}Bf]lus

zflGt :yfkgf u/L nufgL cfsif{0f ug]{ jftfj/0f l;h{gf ul/g]5 .

n pBf]u :yfkgf ug{hl6n x'Fb}uPsf]hUuf k|flKtsf];d:of ;dfwfg ug{hUuf

rSnfaGbL, lnh / ljz]if cfly{s If]qx?sf]Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .

n cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf]d"n p2]Zo lgof{t k|j4{g, :yfgLo sRrf kbfy{sf]pkof]u

/ nfebfoL /f]huf/L l;h{gf x'g]5 .

n ;dli6ut cfly{s l:y/tf sfod ub}{ a}+sx?df t/ntfsf];d:of / Jofkfl/s

shf{df nufOg]Jofhb/x?df x'g]u/]sf]ck|Tofl;t 36j9sf]cfjZos lgodg

/ lgoGq0f ul/g]5 .

n t/fO{–dw]zsf ljleGg ;LdfjtL{ zx/–ahf/x?df ljz]if cf}Bf]lus / cfly{s

If]qsf]:yfkgfnfO{sf+u|]; ;/sf/n]k|fyldstfdf /fVg]5 .

n lghL If]qnfO{d"No clej[l4, /f]huf/ l;h{gf, cg';Gwfg Pj+ ljsf;sf]cfwf/df

cg'bfg÷k|f]T;fxg lbg]Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

n k|To]s k|b]zdf sDtLdf Ps cf}Bf]lus If]q tf]sL cf}Bf]lus k"jf{wf/sf]

ljsf; ul/g]5 . lgof{t–k|j4{gsf nflu k|d'v cf}Bf]lus If]qx?leq} ;'Svf

aGb/ufxsf] lgdf{0f / ;+rfng ul/g]5 . Jofks lgof{t k|jfx clej[l4 ub}{

cfoft Joj:yfkgnfO{r':t agfOg]5 .

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n aGb ul/Psf k'/fgf ;/sf/L ;+:yfgx?sf] ;DklQnfO{ ljz]if cfly{s If]q,

ljZjljBfno, c:ktfn, cGt/f{li6«o k|bz{gL s]Gb|, ;Lk–k|bfos cf}Bf]lus

pTs[i6tf s]Gb|h:tf ;fj{hlgs k|of]hgsf nflu pkof]u ul/g]5 .

n lxdfnsf] a|f08]8 kfgL h:tf t'ngfTds nfe ePsf xNsf pTkfbgd"ns

pBf]u Pj+ s[lif / jghGo pTkfbgx?sf]ljsf;, lj:tf/ / lgof{t ul/g]5 .

n pBf]ux?sf]k|j4{g ug]{u/L 3f]if0ff ePsf s/ 5'6 nufotsf ljQLo pTk|]/0ffx?

/ ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf]k|Tofe"ltnfO{ OdfGbf/Lk"j{s sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .

n cfw'lgs ;"rgf–;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] cf8df lj:tf/ ug{ ;lsg] Jofkf/of]Uo

;]jfx?nfO{ pRr k|fyldstf lbb} g]kfn ;]jf lgof{t /0fgLlt sfof{Gjog

ul/g]5 .

#=!=$ dfgj ;+;fwgsf] ;zQm kl/rfng

o'jf pBdzLntfsf]ljsf;

cfly{s, ;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf] nx/ Nofpg o'jfx?sf] l;h{gzLntf, ;Lk /

bIftf ljsf; ub}{s[lif, pmhf{, ;fgf tyf demf}nf pBf]ux? / ko{6gsf]ljsf; /

lj:tf/sf nflu g]kfnL sf+u|];n]ljz]if k|fyldstf lbg]5 . g]kfnL sf+u|];n]ufpF,

gu/ tyf 8fo:kf]/fsf o'jfx?nfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbO{ pBdzLntf / :j/f]huf/Lsf]

k|j4{g ug{ Ps æo'jf pBd r'gf}tL sf]ifÆ sf]sfof{Gjog ug]{5 .

n gjLg ;f]r ;lxtsf] o'jf hfFu/ / pBdzLntf pkof]u ug{ !^ b]lv $%

jif{;Ddsf o'jfx?nfO{ nlIft u/L @%±@%±%) sf] ;x'lnotk"0f{ ljQLo

sfo{qmd NofOg]5 . of] ljQLo nufgL sfo{qmddf @% k|ltzt c+z o'jf

pBdLsf]cfˆg}nufgL, @% k|ltzt cg'bfg / afFsL %) k|ltzt ;x'lnotk"0f{

C0f ;xfotf x'g]5 .

n !@ sIffsf]clGtd kl/Iffdf ;xefuL ePsf gj–o'jfnfO{nlIft u/L t¿0f ;Lk

j[lQ of]hgf cGtu{t pgLx?nfO{:yfgLo k|zf;gdf OG6g{;Lk ug]{sfo{qmddf

;+nUg u/fOg]5 . o; sfo{qmd cGtu{t b]zel/sf Go"gtd Ps nfv o'jfnfO{

;+nUg u/fOg]5 .

n :gfts pkflw xfl;n u/]sf t/ j]/f]huf/ lzlIft o'jfx?nfO{ :yfgLo txdf

;fd'bflos :jo+;]jf u/]jfkt b'O{ jif{;Dd j]/f]huf/ eQf lbOg]5 .

n o;sf ;fy}sd lzIff xfl;n u/]sf cGo o'jfx?nfO{bIf agfpg lgJof{hL C0f

/ lg/Gt/ tfnLdsf]Aoj:yfsf ;fy}slDtdf !)) lbg /f]huf/Lsf]Uof/]06L

ul/g]5 .

n ljut bz jif{b]lv xfd|f]cy{tGqsf]cfsf/sf]cg'kftdf ljk|]if0fsf] k|jfx /

k|efj jl9/x]sf] 5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/df ;+nUg jf kms]{sf o'jfx?sf] ;Lk,

bIftf, k"FhL / ljk|]if0f cfonfO{ pTkfbgd"ns k|of]hgdf nufgL ub}{ eljiodf

k]G;g ;/xsf]nfef+z kfpg]u/L /]ld6 xfO8«f], /]ld6 k"jf{wf/ j}+s, /]ld6 cfjf;

h:tf gjLg cfof]hgfx?sf]sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .

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n o'jf pBdLx?nfO{ s/sf] ef/ Go"gtd x'g] u/L gLltx? NofOg]5g\. s/sf

k|zf;lgs k|lqmofx?nfO{;/n / o'jf pBdL cg's"n agfOg]5 . s// cfDbfgLsf

;|f]tx?sf];"Id clen]v /fVg cfw'lgs ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]pkof]u ul/g]5 .

n o'jfx?sf];+nUgtfdf cfˆg};/sf/—v'nf ;/sf/sf]cjwf/0ffnfO{ d"t{ ?k

lbg ;+slnt /fh:j nufotsf ;"rgf lgoldt ?kdf ;fj{hlgs ul/g]5 .

gful/s l/kf]6{sf8{h:tf ;/sf/nfO{hjfkmb]xL agfpg ckgfOg]ljZjJofkL

nf]stflGqs ljlwx?nfO{ g]kfnL sf+u|];sf];/sf/n]clgjfo{ ?kdf cjnDjg

ug]{5 .

n nf]s ;+:s[ltsf]k|j4{g / jftfj/0f ;+/If0f cflbdf :yfgLo dlxnf ;d"x tyf

:jo+;]jL o'jf Snjx?nfO{ kl/rfng ul/g]5 . o'jfx?nfO{g}nlIft u/L bf]efif]

/ ko{6s ufO8sf]tflnd lbOg]5 .

n o'jfsf] 1fg, zLk, cg'ej / l;h{gzLntfnfO{ /fi6« lgdf{0fdf pkof]u ug{

b]zsf ;du| lgsfox¿df o'jfx¿sf];dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj / ;xeflutf

;'lglZrt ul/g]5 .

n o'jfx?nfO{/fi6«sf]Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt, ;Dkbf cflb af/];r]t u/fpFb}, /fli6«o

Pstfdf k|lta4, ;b\efj / ;lxi0f'tfaf6 cf]tk|f]t, :j:y hLjg afFRg k|lzlIft

ug]{cleofg ;'¿ ul/g]5 . o'jfx¿nfO{;'/lIft / lx+;f/lxt jftfj/0fdf lzIff

cfh{gsf]Joj:yf ;'lglZrt u/fOg]5 . v]ns"b dfkm{t o'jfx¿sf]zf/Ll/s

tyf dfgl;s ljsf;sf]cj;/ l;h{gf ul/g]5 .

n o'jf pBdLx¿åf/f k|:tfj ul/Psf kl/of]hgfx¿nfO{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy a}+s

tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿jf6 C0f ;'ljwf pknJw u/fOg]5 . cf}hf/, d]l;g cflbdf

eG;f/ ;'ljwf lbOg]5 .

n lk5l8Psf If]q, ju{ / ;d'bfosf o'jfx¿ nlIft /f]huf/L / pBdzLntfsf]

ljsf; ul/g]5 . o'jfzlQmnfO{ lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, cWoog–cGj]if0f / gjLg

k|ljlwsf]ljsf;df nfUg pTk|]l/t ul/g]5 .

n :jb]zd}/f]huf/L ;[hgf u/L j]/f]huf/ o'jfsf ;d:ofnfO{qmlds ¿kdf x6fO{g]5 .

sfdsf]nflu ljb]lzPsf o'jfx¿sf nflu laz]if sfo{qmdx¿ NofO{g]5 .

n o'jfnfO{/fHon]ljleGg k|sf/sf bIftf xfl;n ug{;/sf/L, lghL, ;fd'bflos

;+:yfx¿df :jo+;]js / :jo+;]js k|lzIffyL{sf ¿kdf k|of]u ug{] Joj:yf

ul/g]5 .

n o'jfnfO{ b'Jo{;gaf6 d'Qm /fVg ljz]if sfo{qmdx? NofOg]5 / cltjfbLx¿n]

o'jf zlQm b'¿kof]u ug{gkfpg\eg]/ cWoog, v]ns'b, ;a\uLt, snf, cGj]if0f

h:tf l;h{gfTds / ¿lrs/ sfdsf cj;/ a9fOg]5 .

n o'jf gLlt, @)^^ sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . bIf o'jf tof/ ug{

pgLx?nfO{g]kfnd}:j/f]huf/ jf /f]huf/sf lglDt of]Uo agfpg j[xt\nufgL

ul/g]5 . s[lif, ko{6g, pBf]u, k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f tyf lzIff, :jf:Yosf]If]qdf

;]jf k|jfx ug{ o'jfx?nfO{ kl/rfng ug]{/0fgLlt NofOg]5 .

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dlxnf pBdLnfO{k|f]T;fxg

n dlxnfnfO{ cfly{s ¿kn] cfTdlge{/ agfpgsf] nflu ;DklQ / k}t[s

;DklQdfly dlxnfsf]xs ;'lglZrt ul/g]5 .

n dlxnfnfO{/f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿ ;[hgf ug{'sf ;fy}pgLx¿n]pTkfbg u/]sf

j:t'sf nflu plrt ahf/ tyf k'FhLut ;xof]usf]Joj:yf ul/g]5 . dlxnfsf]

Ifdtf ljsf; tyf ;zQmLs/0fsf nflu ljz]if sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 .

n dlxnfx?åf/f ;+rflnt pBf]usf]btf{b:t'/ ldgfxf ul/g]5 . o:tf pBf]ux?sf

nflu cfjZos ljQLo ;'ljwfsf ;fy};x'lnot C0f pknJw u/fOg]5 .

n dlxnfx?nfO{ lbuf]hLljsf]kfh{g ug{ cfjZos kg]{ pTkfbgd"ns ;DklQsf]

nflu rflxg]ef}lts ;'ljwf, hldg, kF"hL, ahf/, ;Lk, ;"rgf cflbdf kx'Frsf]

of]hgf nfu'ul/g]5 .

#=!=% u}/ cfjf;Lo g]kfnL / j}b]lzs /f]huf/

n æPsk6ssf] g]kfnL ;w}sf] g]kfnLÆ eGg] efjgfsf] ljsf; ub{} ;+;f/el/

km}lnPsf g]kfnLx¿nfO{cfˆgf]dft[e"ld;Fu cfa4 ug{ ljleGg gLlt, sfo{qmd

/ sfg"gL Joj:yf NofOg]5 .

n hGdl;4 / j+zhsf gftfn] g]kfnsf] gful/stf k|fKt u/L ljb]lzPsf

g]kfnLx¿nfO{ pko'Qm sfg"gL Joj:yf u/L cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts

clwsf/ ;lxt u}/ cfjf;Lo g]kfnL gful/stfsf]k|aGw ul/g]5 . u}/ cfjf;Lo

g]kfnLnfO{ g]kfndf rn tyf crn ;DklQ /fVg kfpg]clwsf/ lbg]sfg"gL

Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

n cfufdL bz jif{leqdf g]kfn aflx/ /f]huf/L jf Joj;fosf nflu uPsf g]kfnL

gful/stf / /fxbfgL jfxs g]kfnLnfO{ ljb]zaf6}lgjf{rgdf dt lbg kfpg]

sfg"gL Joj:yf / k|zf;sLo k|jGw ul/g]5 . ljb]zdf cfh{g u/]sf];DklQ

g]kfndf ;+rosf]nflu NofpFbf s'g}s/ gnufpg]Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .

n j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf >lds k7fpFbf uGtJo d'n'sx¿;Fu >lds–cg's"n

;Demf}tf ug]{Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .

n j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg]>ldsnfO{ Go"g Jofhb/df C0f lbg]Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

o;sf nflu xfn df}Hbftdf/x]sf]sNof0fsf/L sf]ifsf]k|of]u, ;/sf/åf/f C0fsf]ifsf]

:yfkgf, jf ;xsf/L ;+:yfx¿sf]k|of]u ug]{h:tf pkfo cjnDjg ul/g]5 .

n cfrf/ ;+lxtf cg';f/sf] Jojxf/ ug]{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/ Ph]G;LnfO{ dfq

Ohfhtkq lbOg]5 . Ph]G6x¿nfO{ lbg] sldzg cfk|jf;L >ldsx¿af6

Ph]G;Lx¿n]c;'Ng gkfpg]Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

n j}b]lzs /f]huf/L ;DaGwL ;"rgf Pj+ Gofo÷Ifltk"lt{sf];+oGqdf ;xh kx'Fr

;'lglZrt ul/g]5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/ Gofoflws/0f nufot j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf

If]qdf x'g]HofbtLsf]cg'udg ug{];+oGqx¿nfO{ yk ;|f]tx¿ ;'lglZrt u/L

:yfgLo tx;Dd ljs]G›Ls[t ul/g]5 .

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n dlxnfx¿nfO{ yk hf]lvdaf6 arfpg pgLx¿sf]cfk|jf;gdfly nufOPsf

aGb]hx¿ cGTo ul/g]5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg]dlxnfx¿;Fu ;DjlGwt

k|lqmofnfO{ ;'wf/ / Jojl:yt ul/g]5 . uGtJo d'n's;Fu ul/g]>d ;Demf}tf

kqdf dfgj clwsf/ / >d clwsf/sf af/]df pNn]v ul/g]5 .

n j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]gdf Joj:yf ul/P adf]lhd %,))) hgf eGbf a9L g]kfnL

>ldsx¿ sfo{/t b]zdf /x]sf g]kfnL b"tfjf;df >d ;xrf/Lsf] lgo'lQm

ul/g]5 .

n dfgj j]rljvg ;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo cle;lGw cg'df]bg ul/g]5, /

g]kfnsf]dfgj j]rljvg ;DaGwL sfg"gdf >d zf]if0fsf nflu ul/g]j]rljvg

;d]l6g]5 / To;sf]s8fOsf ;fy sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .

n j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg]JolQmx¿sf]lxtdf pQm d'n'ssf Joj;foLx¿;Fusf]

;fem]bf/Laf6 g]kfndf pBf]u :yfkgf u/L ltgdf sfdbf/x¿sf]z]o/ nufgL

ug]{Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

#=!=^ ;xsf/L If]q Pj+ ljQLo kx'Fr

n g]kfnL sf+u|];sf];/sf/n];xsf/L ;+:yf / cfGbf]ngnfO{nf]stflGqs cEof;,

cfly{s ;d[l4 / ul/jL lgjf/0fsf]dfWodsf ?kdf ljsf; ug]{5 .

n s[lif pTkfbg j[l4, s[lif pTkfbgsf]k|zf]wg tyf ahf/Ls/0f, u|fdL0f jrt

kl/rfng tyf shf{ k|jfxdf ;xsf/Lsf]e"ldsf a9fOg]5 . df5f, kmnkm"n,

lrof, skmL, dx, b'w, cn}FrL, cb'jf, df;'cflb pTkfbgsf nflu ls;fgx?s}

;xsf/L :jfldTjdf /xg] k|zf]wg s]G›x? :yfkgf ug{ ;/sf/n]pTkfbgsf

cfwf/df k"FhLut cg'bfg lbg]5 .

n t/sf/L, kmnkm"n tyf kz'wgsf]yf]s ahf/ ;+rfng ug{ s[lif ahf/ k"jf{wf/

lgdf{0f ul/g]5 .

n g]kfnsf ax';+Vos gful/s cem}klg cf}krfl/s a}+lsa ;~hfn eGbf aflx/

5g\. ;a}sf]kx'Frdf ljQLo ;]jf eGg]gf/fnfO{ ;fy{s agfpg 7"nf ljQLo

;+:yfx?nfO{ cljnDj ;]jf lj:tf/ ug{ k|f]T;fxg lbOg]5 . k|To]s j8fx?df

j}+lsË ;]jf ;'ljwf k'¥ofOg]5 .

n !^ jif{ gf3]sf ;a}gful/sx?sf]j}+s vftf vf]Ng]Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

n /fli6«o lu|8af6 lah'nL afNg gkfPsf u|fdL0f If]qx?df ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t

ljB't\ ljt/0f sfo{nfO{ Jojl:yt agfpFb} pkef]Qmf ;d"x / ;xsf/LnfO{

:yfgLo txdf ljB't\ ljt/0f nfOg lgdf{0f ug{ k"FhLut cg'bfg lbg] gLlt

sf+u|];n]lng]5 .

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#=@ k"jf{wf/ lj:tf/sf] ;+sNk

e"kl/j]li6t /fi6«x?df ljsf;sf]ckl/xfo{ c+u xf]— k"jf{wf/ ljsf; . Jofkf/,

lgdf{0f / cGo Joj;fosf]nfut a9\g'df e/kbf]{ k"jf{wf/sf]sdL k|d'v sf/s

/xg]u/]sf]5 . lj=;+= @)!% df g]kfnL sf+u|];sf];/sf/n]NofPsf];8s 6«flkms

;+u7g -cf/=l6=cf]=_ n]g}cfw'lgs ;8s ;+hfnsf]vfsf sf]/]sf]lyof]eg]lj=;=

@)%* df sf+u|];s};/sf/n]/fli6«o oftfoft gLlt NofO{ x'nfsL /fhdfu{/ pQ/

blIf0f /fhdfu{x?sf]d"t{ of]hgf sf]/]sf]xf]. oxL :t/sf]b"/blz{tf sfod /fvL

cfufdL kfFr jif{leq k|To]s ufpFkflnsf / gu/kflnsfsf s]Gb|x?df kSsL ;8s

lgdf{0f cleofgsf]g]t[Tj g]kfnL sf+u|];n]ug]{5 .

lxdfnL If]qdf c:jfefljs ?kn]pRr /x]sf]lgdf{0f nfutnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL ;+3

/ k|b]zn]cg'bfg ljt/0f ug]{Joj:yf ul/g]5 . /fli6«o ;8s ;+hfndf ghf]l8Psf

;b/d'sfddf zL3| kSsL ;8s k'¥ofOg]5 . lxdfnL If]qdf ;8s oftfoft;Fu}

u|]6 lxdfnog 6]«n h:tf ko{6g k"jf{wf/sf]ljsf; ul/g]5 . kxf8L If]qdf k"jf{wf/

ljsf;sf nflu dWokxf8L nf]sdfu{sf]k"0f{tf ;/sf/sf]klxnf]k|fyldstf x'g]5 .

o;nfO{;a}7fpFdf b'O{n]gsf]agfO{Go"gtd %) lsnf]ld6/ k|lt 306f afx|}dlxgf

rnfpg ldNg] u/L sfnf]kq] ul/g]5 . t/fO–dw]zdf k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf nflu

x'nfsL ;8ssf]lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{ cljnDj k"/f ul/g]5 . o;nfO{ ;xfos dfu{

lgdf{0f u/L k"j{ klZrd /fhdfu{;Fu klg hf]l8g]5 .

#=@=! l;+rfO

n g]kfnsf]!* nfv x]S6/ v]tLof]Uo hldg jfx|}df; l;+lrt ub}{csf]{bz jif{leq

s[lif pTkfbsTj #@&* 6g k|lt x]S6/ af6 bf]Aa/ agfOg]5 . t/fO{–dw]zdf

e"ldut l;+rfO -:ofnf]/ l8k 6\o"jj]n_ sf]Jofks lj:tf/ ul/g]5 .

n v]t–v]tdf l;+rfO k'¥ofpg]d"n Wo]osf ;fy xfnsf]afx|}df; l;+rfO{x'g]s[lifof]Uo

e"ldsf]c+znfO{a9fP/ cfufdL kf+r jif{leqdf %) k|ltzt k'¥ofOg]5 .

n ;'gsf]zL–sdnf 8fOe;{g, e]/L–aaO{ 8fOe;{g, gf}d'/]–slknj:t'8fOe;{g

lgdf{0f u/L t/fOdf yk !,)),))) x]S6/ hldgdf l;+rfO ;'ljwf pknAw

u/fOg]5 . /fgLhd/f l;+rfO cfof]hgf, l;S6f l;+rfO cfof]hgf, df]/a–;'g;/L

l;+rfO cfof]hgfsf] If]q lj:tf/ nufot cGo ;fgf / demf}nf l;+rfO

cfof]hgfsf dfWodaf6 t/fO–dw]zdf l;+rfO k"jf{wf/sf] ;~hfn lj:tf/

ul/g]5 .

n slDtdf b'O{ j6f cGt/ hnfwf/ hn :yfgfGt/0f cfof]hgfsf] k|fljlws

cWoog ;DkGg sfof{Gjog k|f/De ul/g]5 . l;+rfO{of]hgf sfof{Gjg ubf{hn

pTkGg k|sf]k Go"gLs/0f k|ljlw ;+u–;+u}sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .

n ;fgf l;+rfO, :yfgLo k|ljlw, yf]kf l;+rfO k|ljlw Pj+ cfsfz]kfgL ;+sngåf/f

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43

l;+rfO k|ljlwnfO{ k|fyldstf lbOg]5 . k|To]s yf]kfaf6 yk pTkfbg ug]{

cleofg dfkm{t l;+rfO ;'ljwf lj:tf/ ul/g]5 .

n l;+rfO k"jf{wf/x?nfO{ :yfgLo ;d'bfo÷pkef]Qmfsf];xeflutfdf ;+rfng /

dd{t ;Def/ ug]{Joj:yfnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ul/g]5 . kfgLsf ;|f]tx?sf];+/If0f /

;b'kof]udf ljz]if Wofg lbOg]5 .

#=@=@ pmhf{

n lj=;= @)&) df g]kfnL sf+u|];n]# jif{ leq nf]8 ;]l8asf]cGt ul/g]u/L

/fv]sf]nIo k'/f ePsf] 5 . ca o; pknlJwnfO{ lbuf]jgfpg /fli6«o pmhf{

;'/Iff gLlt tof/ u/L nfu'ul/g]5 .

n slDtdf rf/ ;o s]=eL= Ifdtfsf % j6f cGt/b]zLo k|;f/0f nfOg lgdf{0f

;DkGg ul/g]5 . cfufdL kfFr aif{ leq k"j{–klZrd pRr–ef]N6]h Ifdtfsf]

!)%) lsnf]ld6/ 6«Í k|;f/0f nfOg lgdf{0f ;DkGg ul/g]5 .

n cfufdL kfFr aif{leqdf s'n %,))) d]ufjf6 hnljB't\pTkfbg ul/g]5 . xfn

lgdf{0ffwLg dflyNnf]tfdfsf]zL, c?0f t];|f], dflyNnf]s0ff{nL, dflyNnf];]tL

nufotsf 7"nf, demf}nf / ;fgf of]hgfnfO{ b|'t ultdf ;DkGg ul/g]5 .

n nufgL jf]8{nfO{ 7"nf cfof]hgfx¿df lghL If]qsf]nufgL k|efjsf/L ¿kdf

kl/rflnt ug{ o;sf]sfg"gL / ;+:yfut :j?k kl/jt{g u/L Ifdtf clej[l4

ul/g]5 .

n cfGtl/s dfueGbf a9L pmhf{ pTkfbg u/L pmhf{ lgof{tnfO{ a}b]lzs d'›f

cfh{gsf] ;|f]t agfpg], pknJw hn;Dkbfsf] ax'p2]zLo pkof]usf ;fy

hnljB't pTkfbg ug{], j}slNks tyf gjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf ;a};|f]tsf]pkof]u

ug{]/ pmhf{cfoftdf sdL Nofpg]gLlt tyf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .

n ;a}k|sf/sf gjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf ;|f]tx¿sf]k|of]unfO{/fi6«JofkL agfOg]5 .

;a} ;fj{hlgs :ynx? -;8s, kfs{, v]nd}bfg, cflb_ df :jR5 tyf

gjLs/0fLo phf{sf]k|of]u ul/g]5 .

n k|To]s ljkGg g]kfnL kl/jf/nfO{3/fo;L k|of]hgsf nflu dfl;s #) o"lg6 ljB't\

lgMz'Ns pknAw u/fpg];f]rsf ;fy pmhf{ ljsf; sfo{qmd ;+rfng ul/g]5 .

n 3/fo;L OGwgsf]k|d'v ;|f]tsf]¿kdf bfp/f, u'OF7f k|of]u ug{]3/w'/L ;+VofnfO{

k|To]s aif{slDtdf !% k|ltztn]sd ub}{nlug]5 .

#=@=# ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw

n l8lh6n g]kfnsf] cawf/0ffnfO{ d"t{?k lbOg]5 . a[xt\ ljB'tLo ;'zf;g

-O{–ueg]{G;_ d"n of]hgf cGtu{t cTofw'lgs ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf]

Jofks Pj+ /0fgLlts pkof]u ub}{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf ;dfj]zL kFx'r

;'lglZrt ug{ ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t ljz]if sfo{of]hgf nfu'

ul/g]5 .

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n a|8Aof08sf]kx'Fr / k|of]unfO{ Aofks agfpg a|8Aof08 k"jf{wf/sf]ljsf;

/ la:tf/ ug{], g]kfnnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o ;"rgf ;+hfndf hf]8\g], a|8Aof08

PlKns];g / sG6]G6sf] lgdf{0f ug{] u/L lghL;fj{hlgs ;fem]bf/Ldf hf]8

lbOg]5 . b"/;~rf/ If]qdf PsLs[t cg'dltkq nfu"ul/g]5 .

n nlIft ju{;Dd ;]jf ;'ljwf k|jfx ;'lglZrt ug{/fli6«o kl/rokq sfo{j|mdnfO{

;g\@)@) ;Dddf b]zJofkL ¿kdf lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . :df6{ sf8{sf]k|of]uaf6

g}gful/sn]/fHosf ;]jf ;'ljwfsf]pkef]u ug]{;+oGq tof/ ul/g]5 .

n a9\bf] o'jf a]/f]huf/Lsf] r'gf}tL ;fdgf ug{ ;]jfhGo pBf]u4f/f l;lh{t

cj;/x¿sf] pkof]u ug{ tyf 1fg tyf ;"rgf ;~rf/ k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t

a:t'Pj+ ;]jf If]qsf]k|lt:kwf{df Ifdtf k|j4{g ug{ljz]if gLlt Pj+ ;+/rgfut

Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

n nf]stGqsf] /Iff, ;fj{hlgs pQ/bfloTjsf] k|j4{g, cfd gful/snfO{

;To–tYosf]hfgsf/L, ;dfhdf c;n ljrf/ k|jfx / cfd ¿kdf r]tgfsf]

:t/ ljsf; h:tf sfddf cfd ;~rf/ / kqsfl/tfsf]e"ldsfnfO{ :yflkt

ul/g]5 .

#=@=$ oftfoftsf] lj:tf/

n s[lif pTkfbgsf] ahf/Ls/0fnfO ;xof]u ug{], 9'jfgLsf] nfut sd ug{],

cf}Bf]lusLs/0fnfO{ lj:tf/ ug{], vfgL, hn;Dkbf h:tf k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf]

nfebfoL pkof]u ug{], ko{6g k|jw{g ug{], /fli6«o ;Ldfsf];'/Iff ug{];f]raf6

g]kfnL sf+u|];sf];8s ;+hfn ljsf; sfo{qmd lgb{]lzt x'g]5 .

n cfufdL kfFr jif{leqdf x'nfsL /fhdfu{, dWo–kxf8L /fhdfu{, / sf7df08f}+ lghu9

b|'tdfu{sf] lgdf{0f ;DkGg ul/g]5 . sf7df8f}+–kf]v/f /fhdfu{nfO{ rf/–n]gsf]

b|'t–dfu{agfOg]5 . blIf0f ef/tLo l;dfgf b]lv pQ/ lrlgofFl;dfgf;Dd hf]8\g]

% j6f pQ/–blIf0f /fhdfu{ lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . o:tf /fhdfu{ Go'gtd b'O n]gsf

x'g]5g . cfufdL bz aif{ leqdf yk tLg j6f u/L hDdf * j6f pQ/–blIf0f

/fhdfu{x? g]kfn rLg kf/jxg dfu{sf ?kdf ;+rfngdf cfpg]5g\.

n s'g} klg ljBfno jf :jf:Yo rf}sLsf] kx'Fr sDtLdf emf]n'Ë]k'naf6 cfwf

306fsf]b"/Ldf /flvg]5 . ;j}t'O{gx?nfO{ emf]n'Ë]k'naf6 la:yflkt ul/g]5 .

df]6/ rNg;Sg]:yfgdf /x]sf emf]n'+u]k'nx?nfO{qmlds ?kdf kSsL k'nx¿åf/f

lj:yfkg ub{}nlug]5 .

n oftfoft;Fu ;DjlGwt p:t}k|s[ltsf sfd ePsf ljefu -oftfoft Joj:yf

ljefu, ;8s ljefu, xjfO{ ljefu_ nfO{ Pp6}5ftfd'lg /fVg]Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

n l8h]n / k]6«f]nsf] j9\bf] vktnfO{ b[li6«ut u/L ef/tLo l;dfgf b]lv

sf7df08f};Dd t]n cfoft ug]{ kfOknfOg tbf?stfsf ;fy lgdf{0f ul/g]5 .

n g]kfn jfo';]jf lgudnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o /0fgLlts ;fem]bf/ vf]hL k|lt:kwL{

agfOg]5 .

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n cfGtl/s Jofkf/sf]nfut sd ug{], g]kfnnfO{ ef/t / rLgaLrsf]kf/jxg

k'nsf] ?kdf ljsf; ug{]/ a9L dfgjLo cfjudg x'g]ef}uf]lns If]q tyf

zx/df b|'tultsf]a[xt\;fj{hlgs oftfoftsf]Joj:yf ug{];f]+raf6 /]ndfu{

ljsf; sfo{qmd lgb{]lzt x'g]5 .

n t/fOsf ;a} efux? /]n oftfoftaf6 hf]l8g] ;DefjgfnfO{ d"t?k lbg]

/0fgLlt sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . cfufdL kfFr aif{leqdf k"j{–klZrd /]ndfu{sf]

sDtLdf b'O ;o lsnf]ld6/ v08 lgdf{0f ;DkGg ul/g]5 . lrlgofFl;dfgfb]lv

sf7df8f}+ pkTosf x'b} blIf0f ef/tLo l;dfgf;Ddsf]/]ndfu{ cfufdL bz

aif{leq lgdf{0f ;DkGg ug{]u'? of]hgf tof/ ul/g]5 .

n g]kfnsf 7"nf gbLx? x'Fb}ef/tsf u+uf gbL nufotsf gbLx?af6 ;d'b|;Dd

hndfu{sf];Defjgf / ljsf;nfO{cl3 j9fOg]5 .

#=@=% Jojl:yt a:tL tyf cfw'lgs zx/

n g]kfnsf]hg;+Vofsf]em08}^) k|ltzt j;f]jf; ug]{gu/ If]qx?nfO{cfw'lgs

cfly{s, ;fdflhs s]Gb|sf ?kdf Jojl:yt ul/g]5 . snfsf] b[li6n] ;'Gb/,

;]jf k|jfxsf]b[li6n]sfo{d"ns / ;'b[9 ;+/rgf lbuf];x/x?sf]lgdf{0fdf hf]8

lbOg]5 . ljz]if klxrfg ;lxtsf xl/t zx/, :df6{ zx/, ;f+:s[lts zx/,

P]ltxfl;s zx/x? ljsl;t ul/g]5 .

n /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o l8hfOg k|lt:kwf{af6 cfsif{s k"jf{wf/x?sf]lgdf{0f, km/flsnf

;x/L rf]s, 8jnL / rf}jf6fx? j/k/ snfTds ;+/rgf, Jojl:yt k;nx?,

k|f]d]gf8, Sofkm]x?sf];+of]hgaf6 ufpF, gu/nfO{hLjGt / lqmofzLn agfOg]5 .

n t/fO–dw]zdf cfuf], xfjfx'/L h:tf k|fs[lts hf]lvd / Ifltaf6 hf]ufpg csf]{

kfFr jif{leq ul/a kl/jf/sf ;a}v/ / km';sf 3/x?df h:tfkftf 5fpg

cg'bfg lbOg]5 .

n t/fO{, kxf8, lxdfnL If]qdf ;Deflat If]qx¿sf] klxrfg u/L gd'gf j:tL

tyf zx/x¿ ljsf; ul/g]5 . dWokxf8L / x'nfsL /fhdfu{sf] ;]/f]km]/f]df

d‰of}nf cfw'lgs zx/x?sf]ljsf; ul/g]5 . e"–pkof]u gLltnfO{zx/Ls/0f

/ Jojl:yt a;f]af;;+u hf]8]/ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf nfu"ul/g]5 .

n t/fOsf] lj/f6gu/nfO{ cf}Bf]lus zx/, hgsk'/nfO{ cWoflTds ko{6sLo

zx/, jL/u+hnfO{ Jofkfl/s zx/, x]6f}8fnfO{ cf}Bf]lus zx/, e/tk'/nfO{

lrlsT;f zx/, a'6jn–e}/xjfnfO{ ko{6sLo zx/, g]kfnu+hnfO{ cf}Bf]lus

zx/, wgu9LnfO{ xl/t zx/, kf]v/fnfO{ lkmNd tyf ko{6sLo zx/ /

w'lnv]n–ag]kfnfO{z}lIfs tyf lrlsT;f zx/sf]¿kdf ljsf; ul/g]5 .

n ufpF/ zx/aLrsf]cfly{s ;DaGwnfO{ cem alnof]agfOg]5 . o;sf]nflu

;8s ;lxt ahf/sf]Joj:yf ul/g]5 . sf7df08f}, kf]v/f, jL/u~h h:tf

7"nf zx/x¿sf]hg3gTjsf]ef/nfO{ b[li6ut u/L æ:of6nfO6 l;6LÆ x¿sf]

ljsf; ul/g]5 .

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n bh{gf}6gn / ˆnfO{cf]e/x?;+u};8s ;Ghfnsf]lj:tf/ x'Fb}hfFbf gofFa:tL

tyf ahf/ s]Gb|nfO{ of]hgfj4 ?kdf ljsl;t ub}{ PsLs[t a:tL lgdf{0fdf

hf]8 lbOg]5 .

n 7"nf zx/x?df df; ¥ofkL8 6«flGh6sf] cjwf/0ff cGtu{t ;'ljwf;DkGg

a;x?sf nflu 5'§}n]gsf]Joj:yf nufot ckfËd}qL ;fj{hlgs oftfoft,

hLjGt k}bn dfu{/ xl/t ;fOsn n]gx?sf]Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

n g]kfnLkg emlNsg]tyf pRr snfTds 1fg / z}nLdf lgld{t lghL cfjf; Pj+

;fj{hlgs ejgx?nfO{ k'/:s[t ul/g]5 .

n ;a}gu/kflnsf / ufpFkflnsf s]Gb|sf]cfjlws / ef}lts u'?of]hgf tof/ u/L

nfu'ul/g]5 . oL of]hgfx? nfu'ubf{ lgDg p2]ZonfO{ k|fyldstf lbOg]5 M – ufpF/ gu/nfO{hldg, kfgL, xfjf, Wjlg cflb ;a}k|sf/sf k|b"if0faf6 d'Qm ug]{. – ;fj{hlgs hldgsf]clen]v /fvL ltgsf];'/Iff ug]{ . – Ps 3/—Ps ?v, Ps ufpF—Ps jg tyf Ps gu/–cg]s pBfg sfo{qmdnfO{

b[9tfsf ;fy nfu" ug]{ .

n zx/L of]hgf tyf k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fdf ljz]if of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;Sg] ljleGg

ljwfsf cg'ejL / lj1 dWo]af6 k|To]s jif{ Ps hgfnfO{ dfgfy{ d]o/ 3f]if0ff

ug{:yfgLo ;/sf/x?nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 .

#=@=^ t/fO–dw]zdf ljz]if k"jf{wf/

n af9Lsf]b'ik|efjaf6 t/fO{–dw]z If]qnfO{d'Qm agfpg k|To]s jif{slDtdf !))

lsnf]ld6/ t6aGwg ul/g]5 . t6aGw lgdf{0f ubf{ psf; hUufdf e"ldxLg

blnt kl/jf/x¿nfO{ cfjf;sf]Joj:yf ul/g]5 . t/fO{sf gbLx¿df b'j}tkm{

lgdf{0f ul/g]t6aGwx¿nfO{ uf8L rNg ;Sg];8ssf ?kdf k|of]u ul/g]5 .

n t/fOsf ;a}u|fdL0f ;8sx¿nfO{afx|}dlxgf ;jf/L ;fwg rNg]u/L sfnf]kq]

jf :t/f]Gglt ul/g]5 . cfjZos ;a}:yfgx¿df of]hgfa4 ¿kdf k'nsf]

lgdf{0f ul/g]5 .

n t/fOsf]h}ljs / v]tLof]Uo hldgsf];+/If0fsf nflu /fi6«klt r'/]–t/fO{dw]z

;+/If0f sfo{qmdnfO{ /fli6«o uf}/jsf]k|efjsf/L cfof]hgfsf ¿kdf ;+rfng

ul/g]5 .

n hgsk'/nfO{t/fOsf];f+:s[lts tyf wfld{s dxfgu/ / lj/u+hnfO{Jofj;flos

dxfgu/sf ¿kdf ljsf; ul/g]5 .

n cfufdL kfFr jif{ leq ;]jf k|f/De ug{]u/L t/fOsf zx/x¿df lgdf{0f ul/g]

kfFrtf/]xf]6]nx¿nfO ;]jf k|f/De u/]sf]bz jif{;Dd k"/}cfos/ ldgfxf ug{]

gLlt lnOg]5 .

n t/fOsf P]ltxfl;s, wfld{s / ko{6sLo :yn j[xQ/ n'lDjgL If]q / hgsk'/ If]qsf

cltl/Qm sLrsjw, l;d|f}gu9, bfËLz/0f nufotsf :ynsf] ;+/If0f / ;+j4{g u/L

To;af6 cfPsf]cfDbfgL t/fOs}ljsf; lgdf{0f / /f]huf/Ldf nufOg]5 .

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n t/fO{ dw]z If]qdf k|sf]ksf] ¿kdf /x]sf] af9L, s6fg tyf e'–Ifo cflb

;d:ofnfO{ l;+rfO;Fu PsLs[t u/L j[xQ/ of]hgfx¿ tof/ u/L nfu"ul/g]5 .

n e"ldsf]j}1flgs Joj:yfkg u/L kof{Kt l;+rfO, dnvfbsf]Joj:yfåf/f s[lifsf]

cfw'lgsLs/0fåf/f o'jfx?nfO{s[lif qmflGtdf ;lqmo ;xefuL u/fOg]5 .

n dw]zL ;d'bfodf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ ljz]if hf]8 lbOg]5 . dw]zL

o'jfsf]/f]huf/L ;'lglZrttfsf nflu ljz]if sfo{qmd NofOg]5 .

n t/fO If]qdf cf;]{lgs d'Qm vfg]kfgLsf]Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

n t/fOsf ljkGg blnt kl/jf/x?sf]cfly{s–;fdflhs cj:yfdf ;'wf/sf nflu ljz]if

nlIft ;Lk clea[l4 ub}{k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fdf pgLx?sf]/f]huf/L Uof/]06L ul/g]5 .

n ;'g;/Lsf]j/fx If]q, lj/f6gu/sf]e]8Lof/L If]q, hgsk'/ If]q Pj+ n'lDagL

If]q /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o wfld{s / ;f+:s[lts ko{6gsf];"rLdf ljVoft 5g\.

t/fO{–dw]zsf c? y'k|}:yfgx?n] ;f+:s[lts / wfld{s ko{6gsf s]Gb| aGg

;Sg] kl/ro agfpFb}5g\ . s+rgk'/sf] z'SnfkmfF6f /fli6«o lgs'~h, jlb{of

/fli6«o lgs'+h / lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'+h cGt/f{li6«o ko{6snfO{cfslif{t ug]{/

yk k"jf{wf/ lj:tf/ ul/g]dxTjk"0f{ ko{6g:yn aGb}uPsf 5g\. oL :yfgx?

ko{6g k"jf{wf/sf]ljsf; k|fyldstfdf kg]{5g\.

#=# ;fdflhs k|ultsf] ;+sNk

;DkGg, :j:y, lzlIft / lqmofzLn gful/s, zfGt / Pstfj4 kl/jf/, ;fdflhs

;b\efj ;lxtsf];dtfd"ns ;dfh / ;dfj]zL k|ltlglwTj ePsf]nf]stflGqs

;dfhjfbL /fHo :yfkgf g}g]kfnL sf+u|];sf]nIo xf]. em08}&) jif{cufl8 aLkL

sf]O/fnfn]pb3f]if ug'{ ePsf]lyof]M æg]kfndf sf]xL klg ef]sf gfËf jf lg/If/

g/x'g\, b]zdf ;8s, af6f]3f6f], c:ktfn nufot hLjgnfO{;'Gb/ / ;'vL agfpg]

c? s'g}s'/fx?sf]cefj g/xf];\Æ . o; nIoaf6 g}g]kfnL sf+u|];sf];fdflhs

ljsf; gLlt lgb]{lzt x'g]5 .

cfufdL !) jif{ leq g]kfndf ef]sd/L / s'kf]if0fsf]cGTo ug{/ s'n hg;+Vofdf

lg/k]If ul/aLsf]/]vfd'lg /x]sf hgtfsf]c+z # k|ltzt eGbf d'lg Nofpg g]kfnL

sf+u|]; b[9 ;+sNk ub{5 .

;'Ts]/L cfdf / lzz'sf]kf]if0f, :t/Lo lzIffsf]k|Tofe"lt, t?0f ;Lk j[lQ, a]/f]huf/

eQf / Ho]i7 gful/s ;]jf ;d]6]/ æPsLs[t ;fdflhs ;'/IffÆ Kofs]h NofOg]5 .

g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] g]t[Tjdf gub x:tfGt/0f, :jo+;]jsLo of]ubfg / /f]huf/L

Uof/]G6Lsf]ld>0faf6 k|To]s g]kfnL 3/ kl/jf/sf]Go"gtd jflif{s cfDbfgL ?= Ps

nfv agfO{ lg/k]If ul/aLnfO{h/}af6 pv]Ng]lbzflt/ d'n'snfO{nlug]5 .

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xfdL ;dfgtfnfO{ xs / cj;/sf]lj:tf/ / kFx'r;+u ufF;]/ x]b{5f}+ . d'n'sdf k"FhL

lgdf{0f ub}{ pTkfbgsf]clej[l4 ug'{ ;dfhjfbL cleofgsf]klxnf]v'6\lsnf xf].

aLkLn]eGg'eP h:t}æhlt 5 Tolt aFf8\g]xf]Og, hlt rflxG5 Tolt pTkfbg ug]{

xf]. ul/aLsf]gf/f, sËfnLsf]ljt/0f ;dfhjfb xf]Og .Æ

xfd|f] sNkgfsf] nf]s sNof0fsf/L cy{–Joj:yfdf ;fj{hlgs :jf:Yo / lzIff

/fHosf] k|fylds lhDd]jf/Ldf kb{5 . ;'ne / :t/Lo :jf:Yo / lzIffaf6 g}

c;dfgtf rsf{pg];fdflhs lju|xnfO{ 7"nf]dfqfdf lgoGq0f ug{;lsG5 .

:jf:Yo / lzIffdf JolQmsf]lghL k"FhL xfjL x'g]t/ gjLg ;f]r / ultzLntf rflxg]

pTkfbgd"ns pBf]ux? rfFlx /fHon]rnfpg'k5{ eGg]pN6f];dfhjfb xfdLnfO{

:jLsfo{5}g . g]kfnL sf+u|]; ;'N6f];dfhjfbsf]kIfdf 5, hxfF;dtfsf]k|wfg d'2f

/fHon]u'0f:t/Lo ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx? dfkm{t ;Djf]wg ug]{5 . lghL If]qsf pBdLx?n]

g}/fHosf]bf]xg / s/bftfsf]k};fsf]b'?kof]u gu/L /f]huf/d'ns j[l4 ug]{/ /fHon]

;xhstf{sf]k|efjsf/L e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{u/L e"ldsf ;'lglZrt ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

;fdflhs If]qsf] of] /fli6«o ;+sNk k|flKtsf nflu d'VotM cy{tGq g} alnof]

x'g clgjfo{ 5 . ultzLn cy{tGqs}andf Jofkf/ / pBd km}lng]5, hgtfsf]

cfo / /f]huf/L a9\g]5, /fh:j cfodf j[l4 x'g]5 / ;fdflhs If]qdf nufgL

yk ug{ ;lsg]5 . t/ o;sf ;fy}n}+lus, juL{o / hftLo ;dtf xfl;n ug]{

;fdflhs / /fhgLlts kf6f]klg plQs}cfjZos 5 . ;dfhsf x/ tKsf / If]qsf]

cfjfhsf] k|ltlglwTj /fHosf ;a}c+u / lgsfodf x'g h?/L 5 . n}lËs tyf

of}lgs cNk;+Vos ;d'bfo -;dlnËL, peolnËL, t];|f]lnËL, cGt/lnËL_ sf]xs

clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ub}{ g]kfnL ;dfhnfO{ cem ;lxi0f'agfpg'g]kfnL sf+u|];sf]

Wo]o x'g]5 . ;dfj]zL nf]stGqsf]Pp6f dd{ of]klg xf].

>dhLjLx?sf nflu dof{lbt /f]huf/L, ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt, ;+u7gsf]

clwsf/ / ;fd"lxs ;f}bfjfhLsf]clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ul/g]5 . sf]xL klg >dhLjL

lg/k]If ul/aLsf]/]vf d'lg /xg'x'Gg eGg]dfGotfsf ;fy ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sfo{qmd

;+rfng ul/g]5 . cgf}krfl/s If]qdf sfd ug]{ >dhLjLx?sf] k~hLs/0f /

Go"gtd Hofnf lgwf{/0fdf ;xhLs/0f ub}{;fdflhs ;'/Iff sf]if dfkm{t of]ubfgdf

cfwfl/t k]G;gsf]Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

#=#=! :t/Lo cfwf/e"t tyf pRr lzIff

n d'n'sleq}:t/Lo lzIff pknAw u/fpg ;a}k|b]zdf blIf0f PlzofnL :t/sf]

slDtdf Ps ljZjljBfno :yfkgf ul/g]5 .

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n ;a}g]kfnLnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf]d"n gf/fsf ;fy bIf, pBdzLn / ;';+:s[t

gful/s pTkfbg ug{ ;Ifd lzIff k|0ffnL :yfgLo txdf g}ljsf; ul/g]5 .

dfWolds lzIff;Dd xfn b]lvPsf]lje]b tyf å}w k|s[ltsf]lzIff k|0ffnL cGTo

ug{ ;fd'bflos ljBfnox¿sf]z}lIfs u'0f:t/df Jofks ;'wf/ ul/g]5 . o;sf

;fy}lghL If]qsf ljBfnox?nfO{;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj jxg ug{k|]l/t ul/g]5 .

n ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf lzIfsnfO{ kl/0ffdd'vL / pQ/bfoL t'Nofpg]sfo{qmd

sfof{Gjog ug{'sf ;fy} ljBfnox¿df k':tsfno, OG6/g]6, k|of]uzfnfsf]

k|aGw ul/g]5 / cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk ;DaGwL k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fdf nufgL

a9fOg]5 . lzIffsf]k|To]s tx / cj;/df n}+lus ;dtf ;'lglZrt ul/g]5 .

n g]kfnL sf+u|];sf];/sf/ % jif{sf]cjlwleq !% b]lv @$ jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf

g]kfnLx?dfem ztk|ltzt ;fIf/tf xfl;n ug]{;+sNk JoQm ub{5 . ef}uf]lns

ljs6tfsf]cfwf/df ;fd'bflos cfjf;Lo ljBfnox? lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . o:tf

cfjf;Lo ljBfnox?df clt ljkGg jfnjflnsfsf] vfg] j:g] ;Dk"0f{ vr{

;/sf/n]Joxf]g]{5 .

n pRr dfWolds txdf pTs[i6 c+s NofO{ k|fljlws Pj+ j}1flgs ljifodf pRr

cWoog ug{rfx]df dw]zL, blnt, hghftL, d'l:nd nufot cGo l;dflGts[t

;d'bfosf dlxnf ljBfyL{x?nfO{ dfl;s lgjf{x eQfsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

plgx?n] ljZjljBfno txdf klg pTs[i6 glthf NofPdf blIf0f, k"jL{ Pj+

blIf0f k"jL{ Plzofsf s'g}klg /fi6«df ljBfjfl/wL ug{5fqj[lQ ldnfOg]5 .

n t/fO{–dw]zdf sIff !! / !@ df egf{ x'g]5fqfx?nfO{;fOsn lsGg ;/sf/n]

cg'bfg lbg]5 .

n pRr–dfWolds tx;Dd k"0f{ lgMz'Ns, clgjfo{ / u'0f:t/Lo lzIff ;j{;'ne

u/fOg]5 . lzIffnfO{ /f]huf/L;+u hf]8\g o'jf ljBfyL{, ljBfno / a}lsË

Pj+ Jofj;flos k|lti7fgnfO{ ;+nUg u/L o'jf /f]huf/L k|f]T;flxt ul/g]5 .

ufpFkflnsf / gu/kflnsfx?df /f]huf/d"ns tyf :j–pBd k|j4{g ug]{

k|fljlws lzIffnosf]Joj:yf ug{ o'jfnfO{ /f]huf/d'vL k|fljlws lzIff tyf

tflnd lbg k|f]T;flxt ul/g]5 . ;fj{hlgs / lghL ;xsfo{df /f]huf/d'vL

k|fljlws lzIffnox? vf]lng]5g\.

n dfWolds lzIffsf]/fli6«o dfgs lgwf{/0f / ljsf;sf nflu ;+3Lo lzIff cfof]u

u7g ul/g]5 . o;sf ;fy}lglZrt ljifox?sf]k7g–kf7gdf /fli6«o :t/df

Ps?ktfsf] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . cfwf/e"t txdf tflndk|fKt / ljifout

of]Uotf ePsf lzIfssf]Joj:yf / cfw'lgs k|ljlwdfkm{t lzIf0fsf]Joj:yf

ul/g]5 .

n ef}lts ;+/rgf ePsf t/ ljBfyL{ ;+Vof Go"g /x]sf ;fd'bflos ljBfnox?df

lghL Joj:yfkg / nufgL k|f]T;flxt u/L ufpF÷gu/df gd"gf ljBfnox?

agfOg]5g\ . o:tf ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/L sfo{qmddf ;+nUg lghL

;+:yfx?nfO{ ljQLo ;x'lnotsf]Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

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n lghL If]qnfO{ ljkGg tyf jl~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf ju{k|ltsf] ;fdflhs

pQ/bfloTj ;Daf]wg ug{ ef}r/ sfo{qmd nufotsf kxnx? lng pTk|]l/t

ul/g]5 . nf]stGq, zflGt, dfgj clwsf/, g}lts lzIff / clx+;f h:tf

cjwf/0ffnfO{ ljBfno :t/sf]z}lIfs kf7\oqmddf ;dfj]z ul/g]5 .

n b]ze/L jfOkmfO OG6/g]6 / cfw'lgs k':tsfno ;lxtsf ;fd'bflos ;|f]t s]G›

agfOg]5 .

n lzz' ljsf; s]Gb| sfo{qmd ;+rfng u/L Go"g Pj+ dWod cfo ePsf

kl/jf/sf lzz'x?sf]k|f/lDes lzIffnfO{;d]t ;xh / u'0f:t/o'Qm agfOg]5 .

jfnjflnsfx?sf]lzIffsf]lg/Gt/tfsf nflu cfdfx?nfO{ gub k|f]T;fxg lbg]

Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .

n ljBfnosf]k|fylds txb]lv g}g]kfnLx¿aLr k|rngdf /x]sf ljleGg hflt,

efiff / ;+:s[lt tyf ;f+:s[lts–P]ltxfl;s ;Dkbfx¿sf];+/If0f / ;Dj4{g

;DaGwL lzIffnfO{ clgjfo{ ul/g]5 . ;fy}, dft[efiffdf k|fylds lzIff kfpg]

clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ul/g]5 .

n zf}rfno, ;'/Iff Pj+ oftfoftsf]cefjaf6 5fqfx¿sf]cWoogdf c;/ kg{

glbg ljz]if Joj:yf ul/g]5 . egf{ / pQL0f{ b/ nufot cGo ;"rsx?df

5fq / 5fqfaLr /x]sf ;a}k|sf/sf lje]bsf]cGTo sf+u|]; g]t[Tjsf];/sf/n]

ug]{5 .

n ;a}ljBfnodf k|To]s dlxgf :jf:Yo k/LIf0f / cfwf/e"t pkrf/sf]Joj:yf

ul/g]5 / :yfoL ?kdf gl;{a ;]jf / ;'ljwf pknAw u/fOg]5 .

#=#=@ e/kbf]{ cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo

n ;a}nfO{e/kbf]{, u'0f:t/Lo / ;'ne :jf:Yo ;]jf eGg]d"n nIosf ;fy g]kfnL

sf+u|];n]:jf:Yo If]qsf] gLlt / sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug]{5 . :jf:Yo gLltsf]

p2]Zo pkrf/ x'g;Sg]/f]usf]pkrf/ ;'ljwf gkfO{s'g}klg g]kfnL gful/ssf]

csfndf d[To'gxf];\eGg]x'g]5 .

n x/]s ufpFkflnsfdf k|;"lt ;]jf ;lxtsf]slDtdf Pp6f !% z}ofsf]c:ktfn

lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . ;a}gu/kflnsfdf cfjZostf x]/L @% b]lv %) z}ofsf]

cfw'lgs c:ktfn lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . oL c:ktfnx?nfO{ 7"nf gu/ If]q, k|b]z /

s]Gb|Lo :t/sf c:ktfn ;]jf;Fu cfa4 ul/g]5 .

n ljutdf g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] ;/sf/sf kfnfdf k|To]s ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf

Ps :jf:Yo ;+:yf /fVg]gLlt cg'¿k g]kfnsf ;a}ufpFljsf; ;ldltx¿df

:jf:Yo ;+:yfsf]:yfkgf ePsf]5 . ufpF÷gu/kflnsfsf]gofF;+/rgfdf ca

k|To]s j8fdf :yfgLo dlxnfx¿nfO{cfjZos gl;{a ;]jfsf]tflnd lbO{cfˆg}

j8fdf tnaL :jo+;]jssf]¿kdf sfo{/t u/fpFb};'/lIft dft[Tj tyf lzz'

:jf:Yo pkrf/sf]Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

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n g]kfnL sf+u|]; cfufdL !) jif{leq lzz'd[To'b/ !% eGbf sd / dft[d[To'b/

-k|lt Ps nfv hLljt hGddf_ %) eGbf sd ug]{c7f]6 ub{5 . g]kfnL sf+u|];n]

dn]l/of, sfnfHj/, 8]+u', x]kf6fOl6; nufot kfgLhGo /f]ux?af6 s;}sf]klg

d[To'gx'g]:jf:Yo gLlt / ;+/rgf agfpg]5 .

n ;a};/sf/L c:ktfndf ;fdflhs ;]jf OsfOsf]Joj:yf ul/g]5 . xfn !@

s8f /f]ux?nfO{ pkrf/ ;xfotf pknAw u/fOFb}cfPsf]df of]sfo{qmd yk

/f]ux?df klg nfu"x'g]Joj:yf ul/g]5 . lgMz'Ns eO{;s]sf]afy, d'6'/f]u /

d[uf}nf k|Tof/f]k0fnfO{ yk ;xh agfpFb}lgMz'Ns 8fon]l;; ;]jfnfO{:yfgLo

tx;Dd lj:tf/ ub}{nlug]5 . dlxnfsf]kf7]3/sf]d'vsf]SofG;/ kl/If0fnfO{

:yfgLo tx;Dd lj:tf/ ul/g]5 .

n ;/sf/L 5fqj[lQ jf cGo ;xof]uaf6 lzIff k|fKt u/]sf lrlsT;sx¿nfO{

ufpFkflnsfsf c:ktfndf k7fpg]ljlw / k|lqmofnfO{ cfsif{s / k|efjsf/L

agfOg]5 .

n k|To]s g]kfnL gful/ssf]:jf:Yo aLdf ;'lglZrt ul/g]5 . u}/ ;/sf/L If]qnfO{

;]jf / k|bfossf ¿kdf kl/rfng ul/g]5 .

n ePsf / gofF v'Ng]c:ktfnx?nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf]lrlsT;f ;]jf k|bfg

ug{ ;Ifd t'NofO{ g]kfnnfO{ ljlzi6 lrlsT;f ko{6gsf]uGtJo agfpg 6]jf

k'¥ofOg]5 / lghL c:ktfn tyf lrlsT;f s]G›x¿sf]u'0f:t/ dfkb08 tf]sL

nfu"ul/g]5 .

n :jb]zL cfo'j{]b pBf]usf]k|j4{g, pkrf/ s]Gb|x?sf]lj:tf/, cfo'{j]b lzIffsf]

k|f]T;fxg tyf bIf j}B / slj/fhx?sf] pTkfbgsf nflu ljz]if sfo{qmd

NofOg]5 .

n k|To]s 3/df zf}rfno lgdf{0f ;'lglZrt ug]{sfo{qmd NofOg]5 . ljkGg ju{sf

kl/jf/x¿nfO{ zf}rfno lgdf{0f ug{ cg'bfg lbOg]5 . cfufdL kfFr jif{leqdf

;a}dfgj a:tLx¿df ;'/lIft vfg]kfgL k'¥ofOg]5 . vfg]kfgLsf d'xfgx¿sf]

;+/If0f / vfg]kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ sfod ug]{ tkm{ ;/;kmfO sfo{qmd lgb]{lzt

x'g]5g\.

n cfufdL kfFr jif{leqdf cf;]{lgso'Qm kfgLsf ;|f]tx¿dflysf]lge{/tf ;dfKt

ul/g]5 . k|To]s gu/kflnsfdf clwsf/;DkGg vfg]kfgL af]8{ agfO{ ;f]xL

cg'¿k vfg]kfgLsf]Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

n :jf:Yo ;]jf s]Gb|x?df b/jGbL cg';f/sf]k|fljlws / k|zf;lgs sd{rf/Lx?sf]

Joj:yfkg, lgMz'Ns cf}iflwsf] pknJwtf / ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fsf]

;'lglZrttf k|Tofe"t ul/g]5 .

n ;'Ts]/L cfdf M kf]l;nf]vfgf eGg]gf/fsf ;fy :yfgLo :jf:Yo ;+:yfaf6 ;'Ts]/L

ePsf] @ jif{;Dd kf]if0f s'kg ljt/0f ul/g]5 . ;fy}ue{jtL dlxnfx?sf]

kf]if0fsf]nflu klg lgoldt eQfsf]Joj:yf ul/g]5 . ;a}gjhft lzz'sf]

lgMz'Ns pkrf/ sfo{qmdnfO{ b]ze/ lj:tf/ ul/g]5 .

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n afn:jf:Yo / dft[ lzz':jf:ysf sfo{qmdx? x/]s 3/–b}nf]df k'¥ofOg]5g\.

o;sf nflu xfn sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf];'gf}nf]xhf/ lbg sfo{qmd ;a}j8fx?df

k'¥ofOg]5 .

n dlxnf :jf:Yo :jo+;]ljsfx?nfO{ lbOb}cfPsf]eQf / ;'ljwfnfO{ b'O{ jif{leq}

bf]Aa/ agfOg]5 .

#=#=# alnof] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff

Ho]i7 gful/s Pj+ ckfËtf ePsf JolQmnfO{;Ddfg / ;'ljwf

n Ho]i7 gful/sx¿nfO{lbO/x]sf]xfnsf]dfl;s ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQfdf pNn]Vo j[l4

ul/g]5 / o;sf]lgoldt k'g/fjnf]sg x'g]5 . k|To]s ufpFkflnsfdf Pp6f PsLs[t

Ho]i7 gful/s ;]jf cf>d :yfkgf ul/g]5 . oL cf>dx?nfO{;kmf, ;'ljwf;DkGg /

Ho]i7 gful/ssf]PSnf]kgfsf];d:ofnfO{;Daf]wg ug]{u/L ;Ddfghgs agfOg]5 .

cf>ddf Ho]i7 gful/snfO{cfjf;, ef]hg, :jf:Yo, cfWoflTds ;T;+u, dgf]/~hg

/ e|d0f nufotsf ;a};]jf lgMz'Ns pknAw u/fOg]5 .

n Ho]i7 gful/s cf>dsf nflu v8f ul/g]sf]ifdf ul/g]gub of]ubfg -rGbf_df

cfos/ 5'6 x'g]Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

n ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿nfO{ /fHosf ;a};fj{hlgs ;]jf, :yfg tyf cGo

;'ljwfx¿df ljz]if Joj:yf;lxt ;dfj]zL / ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj / kx'Fr

;'lglZrt ul/g]5 . pgLx¿n] k|of]u ug]{ pks/0fx¿ :jb]zd}pTkfbg ug{

k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 .

n ;a};fj{hlgs k"jf{wf/x?df ckfËd}qL k|ljlw /fvL lgdf{0f ug{'kg]{ dfkb08

hf/L u/L sfof{Gjogsf]cg'udg ul/g]5 .

n ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿sf] clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|rngcg'¿k

;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt ul/g]5 . ckfËtfsf] k|s[lt x]/L pko'Qm

;Lkd"ns tflnd k|bfg u/L /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿df kx'Fr lj:tf/ ul/g]5

tyf :j/f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿sf];[hgf ub}{pBdzLntfsf]ljsf; ug{ ljz]if

cfly{s ;xof]usf]Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

n ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿nfO{ /f]huf/L lbg] pBdL Joj;foLx¿nfO{ ljz]if

;Ddfg / k|f]T;fxgsf]Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

dlxnfsf];zQmLs/0f

n dlxnfx?sf]:jf:Yo, lzIff, cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ;zQmLs/0fsf]nflu ljz]if

sfo{qmd ;+rfng ul/g]5 . u/La;Fu ljZj]Zj/, dlxnf hfu[lt cfo cfh{g

nufotsf sfo{qmdnfO{ dlxnf s]lGb|t cfof]hgfsf ?kdf lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 .

n dlxnf lj¿4 x'g] ;j} k|sf/sf lx+;f, zf]if0f, lje]b, bdg / alxis/0fsf]

/f]syfd Pj+ lgoGq0fsf nflu ;xh kx'Fr ;lxtsf]sfg"gL lg¿k0fsf]Joj:yf

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ul/g]5 . dlxnfnfO{3/, sfo{:yn, ;fj{hlgs :yn, af6f]3f6f]h:tf :yfgdf

n}lËs lx+;f / dlxnf lx+;faf6 d'Qm /fVg dlxnfdfly x'g]lx+;fhGo sfo{sfg"g

adf]lhd b08gLo x'g]/ kLl8tn]Ifltk"lt{ kfpg]cj:yf ;'lglZrt ul/g]5 .

n dlxnfx¿sf] /fhgLlts, cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs clwsf/x¿sf] ;+/If0f /

;Dj4{g /fHosf]k|fylds bfloTjdf /flvg]5 .

n /fHosf k|To]s ;+/rgfdf dlxnfsf]k|ltlglwTj Go"gtd ## k|ltzt g36\g]u/L

pgLx?sf]clwstd ;xeflutfsf nflu ljz]if kxn ul/g]5 .

n clt ljkGg / k5fl8 k/]sf ;d'bfo h:t}sd}of, afbL, sdn/L, r]kfË, /fp6],

uGwj{, d';x/, t]nL, kf;jfg, nufotsf dlxnfx¿nfO{ ljz]if /f]huf/d"ns

sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/g]5 .

n ;/sf/L c:ktfndf k|;'lt u/fpg]dlxnfnfO{ xfn pknJw u/fO/x]sf]dft[Tj

eQfnfO{ bf]Aa/ ul/g]5 .

n c;xfo / ljkGg dlxnfx¿sf nflu ...dlxnf lgs]tgÚ sf]:yfkgf ul/g]5 hxfF

lzIff, zLk / tflndsf]k|aGw u/L pgLx?nfO{cfTdlge{/ u/fOg]5 .

n dlxnfåf/f g]kfnL snf, ;+:s[lt / k/Dk/f emNsfpg]pTkflbt a:t'x¿nfO{cGt/f{li6«o

Jofkf/ gLltåf/f ;Da4{g ug{/ o;af6 g]kfnsf]ko{6g k|jw{g ug{hf]8 lbO{g]5 .

n k|;'ltkl5 ^ dlxgf;Dd k|lt dlxgf ?= @))) sf b/n]cfly{s ;xof]u ug]{

Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

n pRr dfWolds / ljZjljBfno txdf pTs[i6 glthf Nofpg] 5fqfx?nfO{

Nofk6k sDKo'6/ / gub k'/:sf/sf]Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

6«]8 o"lgog, >d clwsf/ / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sf]if

n g]kfnL sf+u|];sf]g]t[Tj / cu|;/tfdf >ldsx?sf]clwsf/ ;'lglZrt u/fpg

@)$* ;fndf >d P]g, @)$( ;fndf 6]«8 o"lgog P]g / @)&$ ;fndf

of]ubfgdf cfwfl/t ;fdflhs ;'/Iff P]g / ;+zf]lwt >d P]g ;+;b\af6 kfl/t

eO;s]sf] ;Gbe{df /f]huf/Lsf] clwsf/ / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff Pj+ ;fd'lxs

;f}bfjfhLsf]clwsf/ ;'lglZrt t'NofOg]5 .

n >d ;DaGwL ljjfb lg?k0fsf nflu /fli6«o >d cfof]usf]u7g ul/g]5 .

n >ldsx?sf nflu hLjg lgjf{x ug{ k'Ug]Go"gtd Hofnfsf]lgwf{/0f, dof{lbt

/f]huf/L, >lds c:ktfnsf]Joj:yf;+u}cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf cfwf/e"t

dfGotfx?sf]kfngf u/fOg]5 .

n g]kfnL sf+u|];n];+;baf6 e/v/}kfl/t sfg"g cg';f/ ;a}/f]huf/bftfnfO{cfˆgf

>lds / sfdbf/x?nfO{ æ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sf]ifÆ df k~hLs[t ug{ pTk|]l/t

ug]{5 . o;sf ;fy}cgf}krfl/s If]qdf sfd ul//fv]sf / :j/f]huf/df cfj4

nfvf}>ldsx?nfO{sf]ifdf k~hLs[t ug{Jofks cleofg ;+rfng ul/g]5 .

n g]kfnL sf+u|];n] of]ubfgdf cfwfl/t ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sf]ifaf6 x/]s >lds

/ sfdbf/nfO{ cf}ifwL pkrf/ / :jf:Yo ;'/Iff of]hgfdf cfj4 ug]{5 . x/]s

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54

dlxnf >lds / sfdbf/nfO{;'/lIft dft[Tj / ;'ljwf of]hgfdf cfa4 ug]{5 .

s'g}klg lsl;dsf]b'3{6gfaf6 kLl8t sfdbf/nfO{ b'3{6gf ;'/Iff of]hgf tyf

j[4 cj:yfdf k'u]sf sfdbf/sf nflu e/kbf]{j[4fj:yf ;'/Iff of]hgf k|:tfljt

ug]{5 . >lds / sfdbf/sf cfl>t kl/jf/sf nflu cfl>t kl/jf/ ;'/Iff

of]hgf tyf sfdljlxg eP/ j]/f]huf/ /xg'kbf{ j]/f]huf/L ;'/Iff of]hgfdf

cfj4 u/]/ lbuf];fdflhs ;'/Iffsf]jGbf]j:t ul/g]5 .

k|hftGq ;]gfgLsf];Ddfg

nf]stGqsf ;]gfgLsf];Ddfg j:t'tM nf]stGq / nf]stflGqs ;+3if{sf];Ddfg

/ ;+/If0f xf]. g]kfnL sf+u|]; k|hftGqsf ;]gfgLx?sf]klxrfg, ltgsf]oyf]lrt

;Ddfg, :jf:Yo pkrf/ / oftfoft ;'ljwf Pj+ cfjf;sf]k|jGw ;lxt pxfFx?sf]

P]ltxfl;s of]ubfgsf];Ddfg ug{ k|lta4 5 .

e"tk"j{;}lgssf];Lk / bIftfsf]pkof]u

g]kfndf nf]stGqn] :yfgLo tx;Dd hgk|ltlglw ;/sf/ / clwsf/ k'¥ofP/

alnof]h/f uf8]sf]5 . cfˆgf]/fhgLlts / cfly{s eljio lgwf{/0fsf]cj;/

;d]t ca :yfgLo txdf k'u];+u}pBdzLntf / pTkfbgsf]cfwf/e"ld klg :yfgLo

tx g}aGb}uPsf]5 . g]kfnL sf+u|]; :yfgLo txdf b]z}e/L km}lnP/ /x]sf e"tk"j{

;}lgsx?sf];Lk / bIftfnfO{ g]t[Tj ljsf;, pBdzLntf, zflGt ;'/Iff / /fli6«o

:jledfg k|jw{g ug]{sfo{sf nflu kl/rfng ug{]k|lta4tf JoQm ub{5 .

#=$ jg–jftfj/0f / ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf] ;+sNk

jg / hnfwf/ If]qsf];+/If0f / lbuf]pkof]udf hg;+Vofsf]7"nf]lx:;f ;+nUg

x'Fb}cfPsf] 5 . jftfj/0f–cg's"n k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f / ;x/L ljsf;k|lt hgtfsf]

;r]tgf klg al9/fv]sf]5 . hnjfo'kl/jt{gn]h}ljs ljljwtfdf kfg]{gsf/fTds

k|efj / cg's'ng sfo{qmd;+u}g]kfn h:tf]d'n'sn]sfa{g Jofkf/af6 lng ;Sg]

nfesf gofF;DefjgfnfO{hg:t/df k'¥ofpg';/sf/sf]k|fyldstf x'g]5 . g]kfnL

sf+u|];sf] 5}7f}dxflwj]zg -lj=;= @)!@_ sf] lg0f{okl5 lghL ljtf{ jgx?nfO{

/fli6«os/0f u/L nfvf}ljufxf h+un /fi6«/ hgtfsf]:jfldTjdf NofOof]. @)$(

df g]kfnL sf+u|];s} ;/sf/n] NofPsf] jg P]gn] jg Joj:yfkg / pkof]udf

hgtfsf] :jfldTj ;'lglZrt u/]sf]n] ;fd'bflos jgx?sf] ;+Vofdf 7"nf] a[l4

ePsf]/ ltgaf6 x'g]cfDbfgLn]xfn d'n'ssf nueu @% nfv kl/jf/ nfeflGjt

ePsf]l:ylt 5 . k+rfotsfnLg jg kmF8fgL / dfcf]jfbL åGåsf bf}/fg /fhgLlts

t/ntfsf]kmfObf p7fFpb}ePsf]jgsf]bf]xgsf afah'b cfh $% k|ltzt g]kfnL

e"efu jg / j'6\ofgn]9fs]sf]5 .

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jg If]qdf jg k}bfjf/sf]pTkfbg jg hUufn]pTkfbg ug]{ IfdtfeGbf w]/}sd

/x]sf]5 . o;n]ubf{cfˆg}b]zdf jg k}bfjf/ pTkfbg / ;+sng sd e}ljb]zaf6

jg k}bfjf/ cfoft ug'{k/]sf] 5 . j}1flgs tyf lbuf] Joj:yfkg x'g ;s]sf]

v08df sDtLdf jg k}bfjf/sf]pTkfbg clxn]sf]eGbf t]Aa/ -tLg u'0ff_ j[l4 x'g

;Sg]tyf cfk"lt{ klg ;lhn}b]zleqaf6 ug{ ;lsg]x'G5 . t;y{ jgsf]j}1flgs

tyf lbuf]Joj:yfkgdf hf]8 lbb}kof{–ko{6gsf]k|a4{g dfkm{t jg If]qnfO{b]zsf]

;d[l4sf nflu pkof]u ul/g]5 .

g]kfndf jg If]qaf6 ;+sng u/]sf]cTolws h8Lj'6L k|zf]wg jf cw{k|zf]wg u/L

sRrf kbfy{sf]?kdf vf; u/L ef/t lgsf;L ul/G5 . ef/t lgsf;L x'g]ljlQs}

To; hl8j'6Ln]cfˆgf]g]kfnL klxrfg klg u'dfpFb5 . g]kfn ax'd'No h8Lj'6Lsf]

Jofj;flos v]tL tyf Jofj;flos pTkfbgsf]nflu k|fs[lts 3/ jf jf;:yfg

klg xf]t/ o;f]x'g ;s]sf]5}g . ax'd'No h8Lj'6Lsf]Jofj;flos v]tL, ljsf;,

k|zf]wg u/L nfvf}+ kl/jf/sf]lbuf]cfDbfgLsf];|f]t x'g]Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .

#=$=! jgsf] ;b'kof]u

n jgnfO{/fli6«o cfly{s ;d[l4sf]d]?b08 agfpg]/ sfi7 k}bfjf/df cfTdlge{/

x'g cfjZos Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .

n Go"gtd $) k|ltzt jg If]q sfod ul/g]/fli6«o nIonfO{ kfngf ul/g]5 .

n lghL jgnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ub}{ jgdf cfwfl/t pBf]u :yfkgfnfO{ k|fyldstf

lbOg]5 . lghL hUufdf ljsl;t / ;+/lIft ?v lj?jfnfO{s[lif pTkfbg ;/x

a]rlavg ug{ kfpg]/ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ gLlt cjnDjg ul/g]5 .

n jg k}bfjf/df cfwfl/t pBd k|j4{gsf nflu jg ;DaGwL gLlt tyf

sfo{gLltx?nfO{ pBdd}qL agfO{ ljBdfg lgoGq0fd'vL k|fjwfgx? vf/]h

ul/g]5 .

n pRr k|ljlwo'Qm g;{/L, jgsf] ljsf; / jgdf cfwfl/t pBf]u ;+rfngsf

nflu s[lif If]qnfO{ k|fKt ;'ljwfx?—ljp–lj?jf pTkfbg, cfly{s cg'bfg,

k|ljlw cfoft, ljdf / C0f ;'ljwf pknJw u/fpg]gLlt cjnDjg ul/g]5 .

n ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t jg Joj:yfkg ul//x]sf jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf];d'xLs[t

;+/rgf lgdf{0f u/L ;/sf/;Fusf];fem]bf/L nufgLdf /f]huf/L / cfocfh{g

j[l4 ul/g]5 .

n jg Joj:yfkg / pmhf{ ljsf;nfO{hf]8L h}ljs pmhf{sf]pTkfbg j[l4 ul/g]5 .

n s[lif jgsf dfWodaf6 vfB ;'/Iff, e"ldsf];'/Iff / pTkfbsTj j[l4, pBd

ljsf; / /f]huf/Lsf]l;h{gf ul/g]5 .

n k|fs[lts jgsf]Joj:yfkgnfO{ jftfj/0fLo ;]jf / kof{–ko{6g;+u cfa4 ub}{

nlug]5 .

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n ;+/lIft jg tyf ;fem]bf/L jgsf]Joj:yfkgaf6 k|fKt x'g]nfe / k|ltkmn

:yfgLo :t/df lj:tfl/t ul/g]5 .

n jg;|f]t, hn;|f]t tyf e"ld;|f]tsf]Joj:yfkgdf hgtfnfO{ ;xefuL u/fpFb}

vfB ;'/Iff, pmhf{ ;'/Iff tyf hn ;+/If0fsf dfWodaf6 cfocfh{g /

/f]huf/Lsf]nfe k'¥ofOg]5 .

n ;/sf/åf/f 3f]lift jg bzs sfo{qmd;+u ;d]t cfj4 u/L vf]nf lsgf/sf

a:tL If]qdf af9L klx/f]sf]k|sf]knfO{ bL3{sfnLg ?kdf ;dfwfg ug{ t6aGw

lgdf{0f, j[Iff/f]k0f / dgk/L gbL vf]nf bf]xg lgoGq0f ug]{ ljz]if sfo{qmd

cleofgsf]?kdf ;+rfng ul/g]5 . r'/]b]lv ef/tLo ;Ldf;Dd jUg]gbLx?df

cfpg] af9L lgoGq0f ug{ b'a}lsgf/fdf ;8s ;lxtsf] t6aGwsf] of]hgf

NofOg]5 .

n jg, hn, vlgh cflb k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] bf]xg tyf pkef]uaf6 k|fKt cfDbfgLsf]

Pp6f lglZrt lx:;f k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgsf];+/If0f tyf jftfj/0fLo ;r]tgf

sfo{qmdx?df vr{ ug]{Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

n r'/] kj{t >[+vnf o;sf] cfˆgf] df}lns jgfj6sf sf/0f g]kfnsf] ;jeGbf

sdnf]/ jftfj/0fLo b[li6sf]0fn];+j]bgzLn If]q /x]sf], o;}If]qdf /x]sf]jg

lu§L–9'+ufsf]cTolws bf]xgn]t/fOsf]pTkfbgzLn If]q d?e'lddf kl/jt{g

x'b}uPsf]tyf t/fO If]q jf9Ln]kLl8t x'b}uPsf]n]r'/]t/fOsf]dflyNnf]/

tNnf]cGt/;DaGwsf cfwf/df r'/]If]qsf];+/If0f / Joj:yfkgsf nflu 5'§}

sfg"g agfO{u'?of]hgf cg';f/ o;sf];+/If0f / Joj:yfkg u/L r'/];+/If0f /

Joj:yfkg dfkm{t g]kfnsf]sl/j ^) k|ltzt hgtfsf ;jfnx?sf];+jf]wg /

;|f]tsf];b'kof]u ul/g]5 .

#=$=@ hnjfo'kl/jt{g / jftfj/0f ;+/If0f

n hnjfo'kl/jt{g d'Votof dfgj l;lh{t ;d:of ePsf]n]o;sf]gsf/fTds

k|efjnfO{Go"gLs/0f ug{;fd"lxs t/ km/s–km/s lhDd]jf/L eGg]l;4fGtnfO{

c+uLsf/ ub}{ xfn e}/x]sf] /fHo k'g{;+/rgf;+u} hnjfo' kl/jt{g k|efj

Go"gLs/0fsf nfuL cfjZos kg]{ ;+:yfut Pj+ cGo k|lqmofx? h:t}gLlt,

sfg"g, /0fgLlt, sfo{qmd cjnDjg u/L o'jf, ljBfyL{ tyf dlxnfx?nfO{

kl/rflnt ub}{cleofgsf]?kdf ;+rfng ul/g]5 .

n hnjfo'kl/jt{gaf6 hgtfsf] b}lgs lhljsf]kfh{g / k|fs[lts >f]tdf kg]{

cNksflng Pj+ bL3{sfnLg k|efjsf]cg';Gwfg ug]{, o;af6 ;+s6 ;Gg If]qx?

h:t} s[lif, k"j{fwf/ ljsf; klxrfg u/L gsf/fTds k|efjsf] Go"gLs/0f

Pj+ ;sf/fTds k|efjnfO{ ;b'kof]u ub}{ :yfgLo txdf hnjfo' cg's"ng

sfo{qmdx? sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .

n Go"g sfa{go'Qm xl/t cy{tGqsf]ljsf; u/L o'jf tyf dlxnfnfO{ jftfj/0f

;+/If0fdf ;xefuL agfpFb}/f]huf/L l;h{gf ul/g]5 .

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n xfn hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] d'Vo sf/ssf] ?kdf /x]sf] xl/t Uof; pT;h{g

Go"gLs/0f ug{k]6«f]lnod kbfy{df cfwfl/t pmhf{sf]k|of]u 36fpb}:jR5 pmhf{

-h:t};f}o{, jfo', hnlaB't\_ sf] k|of]unfO{ j9fjf lbO{ hnjfo';dfg's"ng

sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{:yfgLo ;/sf/, ;d'bfo, kl/jf/nfO{cfjZos ;x'lnot

;lxt kl/rflng ul/g]5 .

n hnjfo'kl/jt{gsf sf/0f lxdfn, hn;|f]t, jg;Dkbf, jGohGt', jf;:yfg

nufot g]kfnsf d'Vo k|fs[lts ;|f]tdf k/]sf]gsf/fTds k|efjnfO{Go"gLs/0f

ug{];DaGwdf ljz]if sfo{qmdx? sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .

n kljq gbL–gfnf, tfn–tn}ofnfO{ k|b"if0fd'Qm ug{cleofgsf]?kdf k|efjsf/L

sfo{qmd ;+rfng ul/g]5 . d'VotM jfUdtL, lai0f'dtL, sfnLu08sL, ;]tLsf

b'a}lsgf/nfO{ :jR5 /flvg]/ hgsk'/, uf];fOs'08 nufot If]qsf kljq

tfnx?sf];/;kmfO / ;+/If0f ul/g]5 .

n sf7df8f}+ nufot k|d'v gu/ If]qx?df snsf/vfgfaf6 pTkGg x'g] k|b"if0f

sd ug]{ gofF k|ljlw tTsfn h8fg ug{ k|f]T;flxt ul/g]5 tyf a9L k|b"if0f

pT;h{g ug]{oftfoftsf ;fwgnfO{cljnDj lj:yflkt ul/g]5 . ;8s lj:tf/

/ lgdf{0f sfo{ ubf{ clgjfo{ ?kdf w'nf]lgoGq0f ul/g]5 tyf hyfefjL cfuf]

afn]/ kmf]x/ gi6 ug]{sfo{nfO{ bl08t ul/g]5 .

n k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf ;Dk"0f{sfo{nfO{clgjfo{ ?kn]jftfj/0f d}qL agfOg]5 .

n Knfli6s emf]nf k|of]unfO{s8fOsf ;fy lgoGq0f ug'{sf ;fy}jftfj/0f–cg's"n

emf]nfsf]k|of]unfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 .

n x/]s k|b]zsf k|fs[lts ;|f]t, jg–jg:klt, jGohGt', vlgh tyf hn ;Dkbf,

hl8a'6L cflb ;|f]t–;fwg s]slt kl/df0fdf pknJw 5g\vf]hL u/L ltgsf]

a}1flgs 9+uaf6 clen]v /fVg], plrt pkof]u ug]{/ ;+/If0f ug]{sfo{ul/g]5 .

n k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f, ;Dj4{g / lbuf] pkof]u;+u ;DalGwt g]kfn kIf

ePsf cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw, ;Demf}tf tyf ;xdltnfO{ kfngf ub}{ ;DalGwt

P]g–lgod th'{df u/L ltgsf]:yfgLo txdf k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .

n b'n{e jGohGt';+/If0fsf]/fli6«o k|lta4tfnfO{ b[9tfsf ;fy kfngf, :yfgLo

txdf k|f0fL pBfgsf] :yfkgf Pj+ vf; k|hfltsf jGohGt'sf] Jofj;flos

kfng–kf]if0f / ;+/If0fsf]sfo{nfO{;/sf/n]k|f]T;fxg ug]{5 .

n hnjfo'kl/jt{gn]cfˆgf]If]qdf kf/]sf]k|efjsf]cWoog / To;sf]lg?k0f

ug{sf nflu ;+3Lo txsf ;/sf/L / u}/–;/sf/L sfo{qmdx?;Fu ;+of]hg u/L

cfˆgf]k|fyldstfsf]If]qdf sfo{qmd ;+rfng ul/g]5 .

#=$=# ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf] k|lta4tf

g]kfn ;a}k|sf/sf ljkb\sf]pRr hf]lvd ePsf]b]z xf]. To;}n]:yfgLo, k|b]z

/ s]Gb| ;/sf/n]cfˆgf]ufpF, gu/df ljkb\sf]hf]lvd cfFsng, hf]lvd If]qsf]

gS;fÍg, :yfgfGt/0f / ljkb\sf]k"j{tof/L ug]{sfdnfO{ljz]if k|fyldstf lbg]5 .

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ljkb\ Joj:yfgdf ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo hgtf;Fu ;xsfo{ u/L af9L, klx/f],

r6\ofa, xfjfx'/L, cfunfuL, v8]/L, zLtnx/, lxdkft, cltj[li6 / e"sDk h:tf

sf/0fx?sf]cfFsng ub}{ logLx?af6 x'g]gsf/fTds k|efjnfO{36fpg jf x6fpg

cfjZos of]hgf ;/sf/n] agfpg]5 . ljkb\ Joj:yfkg sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L

agfpg k|fb]lzs / :yfgLo ljkb\sf]ifsf]:yfkgf ul/g]5 . hgr]tgf hufpg]/

k"j{ ;"rgf k|jfx ug]{ sfo{of]hgf ;lxt ljBfnodf cfˆgf]If]qsf]ljkb\hf]lvd

af/]hfgsf/L lbg / ;'/lIft x'g cfjZos tflnd lbOg]5 . ;'/lIft j:tL ljsf;,

ejg ;+lxtf cg';f/sf];'/lIft ejg lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .

n j}zfv !@, @)&@ df uPsf]ljgfzsf/L e"sDkn]b]zdf wghgsf]7"nf]Iflt

eof] . sf+u|];sf] g]t[Tjdf /x]sf] tTsfnLg ;/sf/ ;Lldt ;fwg / ;|f]tsf

afah"b /fxt, p4f/, pkrf/ / a;f]af;sf];d'lrt Joj:yfkg ug{ ;kmn

eof] . e"sDkaf6 wghgsf] 7"nf] gf]S;fgL ePklg pkrf/ gkfP/ jf vfg

gkfP/ s;}n]hLjg u'dfpg'k/]g . e"sDkl5sf]k'glg{df{0fsf nflu bftfx?sf]

cGt/fli6«o ;Dd]ng ;kmntfsf ;fy ;DkGg ul/of]. pQm ;Dd]ngdf g]kfnsf]

k'glg{df{0fsf nflu ?= $)) ca{eGbf a9Lsf];xfotf k|lta4tf h'6\of]. t/

g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] g]t[Tjsf] ;/sf/ kl/jt{g ePkl5 pQm ;xfotf kl5Nnf

;/sf/x?n] sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg g;s]sf]n] hgtfn] cgfjZos b'v si6

ef]Ug'k/]sf]kL8fbfoL oyfy{ xfd|f];fd'5 .

n ljut gf}dlxgfdf k'glg{df{0f sfo{n]ult lng yfn]sf]xf]. kf}if @)&# ;Dd

hDdf lgdf{0ffwLg 3/sf];+Vof !& xhf/ / ;DkGg 3/sf];+Vof !!*&! lyof]

eg]ljut ( dlxgfdf yk ! nfv #) xhf/ 3/ lgdf{0ffwLg cj:yfdf 5g\/

yk %) xhf/ 3/ alg;s]sf 5g\.

n lghL cfjf; lgdf{0fn]ult lnP;+u}lzIff If]qsf]pknlJw klg pT;fxhgs

5 . ljut gf}dlxgfdf z}lIfs ;+:yfsf]lgdf{0f @)) af6 @$%^ k'u]sf]5 .

n ut bzssf] cGt/f{li6«o cg'ejnfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] 7"nf] ljkb\kl5 k'g{lgdf{0f

ubf{ km/s–km/s ;do nfUg]u/]sf]5 . O08f]g]lzofdf ;a}:yfgLo ;+/rgf

lgdf{0f x'g * jif{ / kfls:tfgdf % jif{ nfu]sf]lyof]. ef/tsf]u'h/ftsf]

t'ngfdf g]kfnsf]k|ult ;':t g}b]lvPsf]5 . oL l9nfOsf k5fl8 k'glg{df{0f

k|flws/0fsf];+/rgfut b'j{ntf b]lvPsf]5 . ;|f]t ;fwgsf]zL3|Joj:yfkg

Pj+ ;+:yfut ;'wf/ u/L tf]lsPsf];dodf g}k'glg{df{0f ;DkGg ug{ g]kfnL

sf+u|]; b[9 5 . oL cK7\of/fnfO{ x6fpFb}cfufdL cf7 dlxgfleq ;a}lghL

cfjf; lgdf{0f k'/f ug]{;+sNk xfdL ub{5f}.

n o; jif{ t/fO{–dw]zdf cfPsf]af9L / 9'jfgsf];d:ofn]hgwg, k"jf{wf/ /

s[lif pTkfbgdf Jofks Iflt k'¥ofPsf]5 . af9L kLl8t hgtfnfO{ /fxt /

eTs]sf ;+/rgf k'glg{df0f{sf nflu sfg"g / If]qflwsf/df plrt ;+zf]wg ub}{

jt{dfg k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0fleq}af9L kLl8t hgtfsf];d:of ;Daf]wg ug]{

u/L gofFlgsfosf]u7g u/L lhDd]jf/L k|bfg ul/g]5 .

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#=% ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"ltsf] ;+sNk

ljlwdf cfwfl/t ;'zf;g ;an nf]stGqsf] d'6' xf] . To;}n] g]kfnL sf+u|];n]

zf;sLo / k|zf;sLo ;+oGqnfO{ ;dfj]zL, ;]jfd'vL, u'0f:t/Lo, ljlw;Ddt /

hgtf–cg's"n agfpg]nIo lnPsf]5 . ;/sf/L ;]jfk|bfos lgsfodf bIftf,

hjfkmb]lxtf, kf/blz{tf / k|efjsfl/tf :yflkt ug'{ g]kfnL sf+u|];sf]cfwf/e"t

gLlt x'g]5 . g]kfnsf]/fHo Joj:yf / ;dfhsf x/ c+udf e|i6frf/ 8/nfUbf]

lsl;dn] df}nfPsf] cg'ej cfd hgtfn] u/]sf 5g\ . xfd|f] lgjf{rg cEof;

vlr{nf]x'Fb}uPsf]5 . zf;gdf a:g]x? cj;/ cfpgf;fy cj}w nfe lng pBt

x'g]u/]sf]b]lvG5 . e|i6frf/Lx?nfO{ sfg"gsf]s73/fdf s8fOsf ;fy pEofpg

g;Sbf u}/ sfg"gL cfh{g / ;|f]t gv'n]sf];DklQn];dfh / zf;g k|0ffnLnfO{

b"lift agfpg yfn]sf]5 . g]kfnL sf+u|]; g]kfnL ;dfh / /fHonfO{ e|i6frf/d'Qm

agfpg b[9 ;+sNk JoQm ub{5 .

n g]kfnL sf+u|]; /fhgLlts efuj08fsf cfwf/df xfn s]xL jif{b]lv ul/b}cfPsf]

/fhgLlts, ;+j}wflgs lgo'lQmsf]ljs[t k|rngnfO{ k"0f{ ?kdf /f]Sg];+sNk

JoQm ub{5 .

n :yfgLo ;/sf/åf/f ;fj{hlgs ;]jf cfk"lt{sf nflu ef}lts, cfly{s, k|fljlws

/ dfgj ;|f]tsf] kof{Kt Joj:yf ul/g]5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u a9fO{

;]jfu|fxLnfO{ ;/sf/L ;]jf k|fKt ug{ nfUg];do / nfutdf sdL NofOg]5 .

k|To]s ;/sf/L sfof{nosf] sfo{k|lqmof d"NofÍg u/L k|lqmofut / sfuhL

cfjZostf Go"g ug{ Psåf/ k|0ffnLsf]cjwf/0ff cjnDjg ul/g]5 .

n nlIft ju{;Dd ;]jf Pj+ ;'ljwf k|jfxsf]k|efjsfl/tf ;'lglZrt ug{ /fli6«o

kl/rokq sfo{qmdnfO{ b]zJofkL ¿kdf lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . e|i6frf/ / cfly{s

ck/fwsf lj¿4 z"Go ;xgzLntfsf]gLlt cjnDag ul/g]5 .

n g]kfnL sf+u|];n];+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf]k|zf;lgs ;+/rgf / sfo{ljlwdf

;'wf/ u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg]5 . ;a}eGbf tNnf] txdf sfd ug]{

/fi6«;]jsnfO{hgtfsf];]jfdf a9L clek|]l/t ug{ cfjZos kg]{ kof{Kt tna

tyf cGo ;'ljwfsf]Joj:yf ul/g]5 . g]kfnL sf+u|];n]hg:jf:Yo, kz':jf:Yo

/ s[lif ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt k|fljlwsx?nfO{ 3/3/df uO{ hgtfsf];]jf ug{

clek|]l/t ug]{5 .

n clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u, /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]G› nufotsf e|i6frf/

lgoGq0f ug{ ul7t lgsfox?nfO{ ;fwg, ;|f]t / k|ljlwn] ;';lHht agfO{

e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 .

n e|i6frf/d'Qm ;dfh lgdf{0f ug{sf]nflu jt{dfg sfg"gL Joj:yfsf cltl/Qm

;fdflhs, /fhgLlts cleofg ;+rfng ul/g]5 .

n j[4–j[4fsf] aLdf u/L :jf:Yo ;]jfnfO{ ;j{;'ne agfpg g]kfnL sf+u|];sf

eft[;+:yfx? h:t}— g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3, g]kfn dlxnf ;+3, g]kfn t?0f bn

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cflbnfO{ :jo+;]jLsfsf] ?kdf kl/rflnt ul/g]5 . t?0f ;Lk j[lQ dfkm{t

pRr dfWolds tx ptL0{f ePsf Ps nfv ljBfyL{nfO{klg :jo+;]jfdf ;+nUg

u/fOg]5 .

n /fli6«o ;bfrf/ ;+lxtfsf] lgdf{0f u/L ;+3, k|b]z tyf :yfgLo txsf ;a}

kbflwsf/L Pj+ /fi6«;]js / lghL If]q, u}/;/sf/L Pj+ gful/s ;dfhsf ;+:yf

nufotsf kbflwsf/Ldf z'4 cfr/0fsf]ljsf; ug]{ k|0ffnL ljsl;t ul/g]5 .

n g]kfnL sf+u|];sf];/sf/n];a}txdf sfd ug]{ /fi6«;]js jf kbflwsf/Lsf]

sfo{Ifdtf, OdfGbf/L / sfo{ Jojxf/sf] cBfjlws k|ltj]bg ug]{ k4ltsf]

ljsf; ug]{5 . oxL cfwf/df /fi6«;]jssf]d"NofÍg u/L pko'Qm lhDd]jf/L

lbg]kl/kf6Lsf]ljsf; ul/g]5 .

n Gofo ;]jfnfO{l56f]5l/tf]/ ;xh k|fKo agfpg ;a}:yfgLo txsf OsfOx?df

sfg"gL ;Nnfxsf/sf] Joj:yfsf ;fy}lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglwx?nfO{ pko'Qm

tflnd, k|lzIf0fåf/f ;Ifd agfOg]5 .

n dlxnf hgk|ltlglwx?nfO{ dlxnf clwsf/sf];+/If0f / dlxnfdfly x'g];a}

k|sf/sf lx+;f lgd"{n ug{ k}/jL ug{;Sg]u/L ;zQm / ;Ifd agfOg]5 .

n :yfgLo ufpF, gu/sf]gfdfs/0f P]ltxfl;s cflbjf;L hghflt klxrfg;+u

ldNbf]h'Nbf]u/L ug]{ kxnnfO{ g]kfnL sf+u|];n];xof]u ug]{5 .

#=%=! zflGt–;'/Iff

n zflGt–;'/Iffsf]k|Tofe"lt g]kfnL sf+u|];sf];/sf/sf]k|d'v k|fyldstf x'g]5 .

zflGt ;'/Iffsf]k|Tofe"lt ug{k|x/L ;+u7gnfO{;+3Lo ;+/rgf cg';f/ cljnDj

k'g;{+/rgf ul/g]5 .

n ck/fwsf]/fhgLlts/0f / /fhgLltsf]ck/fwLs/0f ug]{ b[9 k|j[lQnfO{ /f]Sg'

g]kfnL sf+u|];sf];/sf/sf]dxTjk"0f{sfo{;"rL x'g]5 .

n l5d]sL ldq/fi6«;+u ;dGjo u/L ;Ldf jfl/kfl/sf] cfk/flws ultljlw /

cft+snfO{ k"0f{tM lgoGq0f ul/g]5 .

n hgtfsf] ;'/Iff / ;DklQsf] ;+/If0f, ;/sf/sf] gLlt, lg0f{o, dfkb08 /

sfg"gsf]sfof{Gjog ug]{u/L gu/ Pj+ k|fb]lzs k|x/L an ;+ul7t / kl/rflnt

ul/g]5g\.

n ;/sf/L sfof{no / kl/;/sf];'/Iff, ;/sf/n]tf]s]sf ljljw If]qsf dfkb08sf]

sfof{Gjog / ck/fw lgoGq0fsf ;fy} k|x/Ln] :yfgLo ;Dkbf ;+/If0fsf]

lhDd]jf/L jxg ug]{5 . ljkb\Joj:yfkg / k"jf{wf/sf];+/If0fdf ;d]t k|x/Lsf]

dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xg]5 .

n ;fj{hlgs :ynx?df dlxnfx? lj?4 x'g] lx+;f / b'Jo{jxf/ lgoGq0f tyf

lg?T;flxt ug{ k|x/L ;+/rgfleq dlxnf k|x/L 6f]nLsf]:yfkgf tyf kl/rfng

ul/g]5 .Jofkfl/s ;fd'bflos / ;fj{hlgs :ynx?df l;l;l6eL Sofd]/f h8fg

x'g]5g\.

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#=%=@ klxrfg, ;dfj]lztf / ;+j}wflgs cfof]usf]lqmofzLntf

;+3Lo ;dfj]zL nf]stflGqs ;+j}wflgs ;+/rgfsf dfWodaf6 ;a}hflt, efiff /

;+:s[ltsf]klxrfg, ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g ug{ g]kfnL sfu|]; sl6a4 5 . ljleGg ju{

/ ;d'bfosf]clwsf/ / klxrfgsf];+/If0f / k|j4{g ug{ g]kfnL sf+u|];n];+j}wflgs

cfof]ux?nfO{tTsfn lqmofzLn u/fpg]5 . xfn k|:tfljt lgDg cfof]ux?sf ;fy;fy}

lk58fju{nfO{;d]6\g]5'§}cfof]u agfpg]k|lta4tf g]kfnL sf+u|]; JoQm ub{5 M

/fli6«o dlxnf cfof]u M hg;+Vofsf]cfwf eGbf 7"nf]lx:;f cf]u6\g]dlxnfx?sf]

xslxt ;+/If0f ug]{ gLlt / sfg"gsf]lgdf{0fnfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fv]/ ;dfg'kflts

;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug{, cGt/f{li6«o ;Demf}tf / bfloTjnfO{ k"/f ug{, dlxnf

lx+;fsf lj?4 lg0ff{os sfg"gL sf/jfxL k|f/De ug{ tyf dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f /

n}lËs ;dfgtf ;'lglZrt ug{ g]kfnL sf+u|]; /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]unfO{ tTsfn

lqmofzLn u/fpg];+sNk JoQm ub{5 .

/fli6«o blnt cfof]u M ztfJbLof+}b]lv lje]b / ljkGgtfsf] kL8f ef]lu/fv]sf

blntx?sf]clwsf/, ;fdflhs ;Ddfg / cfly{s x}l;otdf ;'wf/ ug{';dfj]zL

nf]stGqsf]klxnf]bfloTj xf]. g]kfnL sf+u|]; hftLo 5'jf5't, pTkL8g / lje]bnfO{

k"0f{ ?kdf lgd"{n ub}{ blntx?sf clwsf/, cfly{s ;d'Gglt / cGt/f{li6«o bfloTj

k"/f ug{/fli6«o blnt cfof]usf]k|efjsf/L kl/rfng ug]{;+sNk JoQm ub{5 .

cflbjf;L hghflt cfof]u M cflbjf;L hghfltsf] klxrfg efiff, ;+:s[lt

;Dj4{gsf] d'2f, P]ltxfl;s yftynf]/ k/Dk/f ;+/If0f tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;GwL

;Demf}tfaf6 l;lh{t bfloTj k"/f ug{ g]kfnL sf+u|]; cflbjf;L hghflt cfof]u

cljnDj u7g u/]/ lqmofzLn u/fpg k|lta4 5 .

dw]zL cfof]u, yf? cfof]u / d'l:nd cfof]u M g]kfnsf] t/fO–dw]zsf dw]zL

;d'bfo / b]zJofkL ?kdf km}lnP/ j;]sf yf? cflbjf;L, ztflJbof}b]lv ;d[4

ldlynf ;+:s[lt, l;d|f}gu9 ;+:s[lt, ef]hk'/L–cjwL k/Dk/f tyf yf? ;+:s[lt /

/Lltl/jfhsf ;r]t jf/]; x'g'sf ;fy}b]zsf]cGge08f/ / ;Ldf ;'/Iffsf nflu

;j}eGbf e/kbf]{ ;d'bfosf] ?kdf lrlgb}cfPsf 5g\ . dw];L yf? ;d'bfo;+u

d'l:nd ;d'bfo cfˆgf]wfld{s cf:yf / k/Dk/fsf]kfngf ub}{ dw];df efOrf/f

/ ;xli0f'tf ;lxt dw]zsf cGt/+u lx:;fsf]?kdf j;f]jf; ub}{cfPsf]5 . xfd|f]

;+ljwfgn] klxnf] k6s dfGotf k|bfg u/]sf oL tLgj6} ;d'bfosf] ;+j}wflgs

clwsf/, efiff, ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f / k|j4{g ug]{ u/L ul7t cfof]unfO{ g]kfnL

sf+u|]; tTsfn lqmofzLn agfpg]k|lta4tf JoQm ub{5 .

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/fli6«o ;dfj]zL cfof]u M g]kfnsf v; cfo{, lk58f ju{, ckfËtf ePsf JolQm,

Ho]i7 gful/s, >lds, ls;fg, cNk;+Vos Pj+ ;LdfGtLs[t ;d'bfo, lk5l8Psf]

s0ff{nL If]q tyf cfly{s ?kdf ljkGg ju{sf] xslxtsf] ;+/If0f ug{ /fli6«o

;dfj]zL cfof]usf] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . oL ;d'bfosf] ;zQmLs/0f,

logsf]xs–lxtsf nflu sfg"g / gLlt lgdf{0f tyf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog / To;sf]

cg'udg ug]{ u/L g]kfnL sf+u|]; /fli6«o ;dfj]zL cfof]unfO{ tTsfn lqmofzLn

u/fpg];+sNk JoQm ub{5 .

#=%=# ljsf; kl/of]hgfx?jLr ;dGjo

;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo ;/sf/x?aLr nufgLsf qmddf bf]xf]/f]kg, c:ki6tf /

c;Gt'ng x'gaf6 /f]Sg / cf–cfˆgf];+ljwfg k|bQ If]qleq ljsf; of]hgfx?df

nufgL ug{ cfjZos gLltut sfg"gL / ;+:yfut Joj:yf ul/g]5 . o;sf]

k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu pRr–:t/Lo ;+:yfsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . af6f]

rf}8f kfg]{ t/ ljB'tLo kf]n gx6fpg], cfof]hgf yfn]sf]jiff}{;Dd sfd ;DkGg

gug]{/ cfd hgtfnfO{r/d ;f:tL lbg], of]hgfsf]nfut / ;dodfq yKb}hfg],

vfg]kfgLsf]kfOk lj5\ofpg]t/ vg]sf];8s kLr gug]{h:tf cnkq]ljsf;sf]

cEof;nfO{ 7f]; / b08gLo x:tIf]k dfkm{t cGTo ul/g]5 .

n ljlQo ;+3Lotfsf]d"n dd{ cg';f/ g]kfnL sf+u|];n]cfufdL cfly{s jif{x?df

:yfgLo kl/of]hgfx? ;+rfng ug{ah]6sf]qmdzM a9\bf]lx:;f l;+xb/af/af6

k|b]z, ufpF/ gu/kflnsfx?df ;f]em}k7fpg]5 .

n nfe–nfutsf]cWoog ePsf, hgtfsf]Jofks ;xeflutf h'6\g], cfly{s /

>d ;xof]u k|fKt x'g] k|s[ltsf dxTjk"0f{ :yfgLo kl/of]hgfx?df ax'jifL{o

ah]6sf]k|lta4tf ul/g]5 .

n g]kfndf lgdf{0f pBf]un]cem}kl/kSjtf xfl;n ul/;s]sf]5}g . ca ljsf;

lgdf{0fsf] 7"nf]nx/ cfpg] x'Fbf u'0f:t/Lo sfd xf];\eGgfsf nflu lgdf{0f

Joj;foLx?nfO{ k|f]T;fxg / k|efjsf/L cg'udgsf]Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

n s'g}klg kl/of]hgf z'? ubf{g]kfnL sf+u|];n]lgDg kfFr cfwf/sf]vf]hL ug]{5 M

-s_ /0fgLlts cfwf/M kl/of]hgf lsg cfjZos 5 <

-v_ ljsf;sf] cfwf/M cfof]hgfn] cfd ;d'bfodf Nofpg ;Sg] cfly{s,

;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts jf jftfj/0fLo k|efj s]xf]<

-u_ ljQLo cfwf/M vr{n]wfGg ;lsG5 ls ;lsb}g <

-3_ k|fljlws cfwf/M kl/of]hgfdf k|of]u x'g]pko'Qm k|ljlwx? pknAw 5g\<

-a_ Joj:yfksLo cfwf/M lgwf{l/t ;Ldfleq cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogsf]

;'lglZrttf 5 <

#=%=$ ;+3Lo tyf k|fb]lzs /fhwfgL If]q ljsf;

n sf7df8f+} pkTosfnfO{ :jR5, ;'/lIft, ;'Jojl:yt, ;'Gb/ / ;d[4 /fli6«o

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/fhwfgL If]qsf ¿kdf PsLs[t ljsf;sf]cjwf/0ff cg'¿k ;f+:s[lts b[li6n]

ljsf; ul/g]5 . sf7df8f+}pkTosfsf];8s lj:tf/sf nflu xfn cfjZos

b]lvPsf]sDtLdf # cj{ k|ltjif{ nufgL ul/g]5 . d]nDrL vfg]kfgL cfof]hgf

;DkGg u/L k|To]s 3/df lg/Gt/ vfg]kfgLsf]cfk"lt{;'lglZrt ul/g]5 .

n sf7df8f}FpkTosfsf]ahf/af6 k|fKt x'g;Sg]nfenfO{u|fdL0f e]u;Dd k'¥ofpg

pkTosf jl/kl/sf]kxf8L If]qsf ufpFx¿nfO{ hf]8\g]rqmky lgdf{0f ;DkGg

ul/g]5 . g'jfsf]6sf]ljb'/, wflbasf]uh'/L, sfe|]sf]ag]kf–w'lnv]n–kgf}tL /

dsjfgk'/sf]x]6f}8fnfO{sf7df8f}FpkTosf;Fu b|'tdfu{x¿n]hf]8L sf7df8f}Fsf]

:of6]nfO{6 zx/sf ¿kdf ljsf; ul/g]5 .

n /fHosf] k'g;{/rgf gofF–gofF If]qsf] ljsf;sf] nflu cj;/ klg xf] eGg]

dfGotfsf cfwf/df ;+3 / k|b]zsf s]G›x¿sf] ljsf; ul/g] nIo g]kfnL

sf+u|];sf]5 . o;}cg';f/ k|:tfljt s]G›x¿df ;]jf–;'ljwfsf]ljsf; ul/g]5 .

n :jLs[t ;+3Lo ;+/rgf adf]lhd k|fb]lzs /fhwfgL to x'g]:yfgdf of]hgfa4

zx/L k"jf{wf/ ljsf; u/L cfw'lgs zx/ lgdf{0f ul/g]5 / k|To]s k|fb]lzs

/fhwfgLnfO{ lglZrt ljz]iftfo'Qm cfly{s OsfOsf]¿kdf ljsf; ul/g]5 .

n :yfgLo txsf efiff, ;flxTo, snf, ;+:s[lt, bz{g, Oltxf;, uLt, ;a\uLt

cflbsf]pTyfg Pj+ k|j4{g ug{ k|To]s k|b]zdf k|1f–k|lti7fgsf]u7g ul/g]5 .

hxfF:yfgLo ¿kd}lqmofzLn ;|i6f, ljåfg\;+:s[ltsdL{x¿sf];+nUgtf /xg]

Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

n k|b]zsf lbj+ut Pj+ cu|h ;|i6fx?nfO{ ...;f+:s[lts ;DkbfÚ sf]¿kdf ;+/If0f

u/L ltgsf ;[hgfx?nfO{/fli6«o Pj+ cGt/f{li6«os/0f ug]{gLlt lgdf{0f ul/g]5 .

#=%=% cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw / ;fem]bf/L ;'b[9Ls/0f

cfhsf]cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw / ljZj /fhgLlt hl6n, ;+j]bgzLn / t/n cj:yfdf

5 . zLto'4sf];dflKt;+u}PstGqLo / clwgfosjfbL ;fDojfbL zf;g k4ltsf]

ktg ePsf]5 . ljZjdf ck|Toflzt, cfd"n / b"/ufdL kl/jt{g eO/x]sf 5g\.

a9\bf]cft+sjfb / u}/ /fHo–zlQmsf]pbon]c:j:ytf, czflGt, p208tfsf]aLp

/f]k]sf] 5 . ;fDk|bflostf, wdf{Gwtf, em/f]{ /fi6«jfb tyf lx+;fTds ultljlwn]

ljv08gzLn k|j[lQnfO{ j9fjf lbO{/x]sf 5g\.

d'n'ssf]:jfledfg, :jfwLgtf, ;Ddfg / lxt ;j{bf ckl/jt{gLo /xG5g\. o;df

s;};+u klg s'g}lsl;dsf];Demf}tf x'g g;Sg]g]kfnL sf+u|];sf]c8fg /lxcfPsf]

5 . k//fi6«dfldnfsf ljifox? /fli6«o lxt;+u ;Da4 / b"/ufdL dxTjsf x'g]x'Fbf

k//fi6«gLltdf /fli6«o ;xdlt lgdf{0f u/L];du|/fi6«sf]Pstfj4, Pp6}gLlt,

Pp6}cfjfh, Pp6}Jojxf/ tyf Pp6}dfWodsf]cjwf/0ff cg'?k ;a};Da4

lgsfo / g]t[Tjaf6 s"6gLlts dof{bfsf] k"0f{ kfngf u/fpg] ljifonfO{ g]kfnL

sf+u|];n]k|fyldstfdf /fVg]5 .

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Psflt/ ljZjdf ;}4flGts åGå qmdzM lzlyn x'Fb}5g\eg]ljZjsf]/fhgLltdf

;f+:s[lts åGån] vt/gfs ?k lnO/x]sf] b]lvG5 . g]kfnnfO{ o:tf] k|j[lQaf6

arfpg'xfd|f]cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwsf]k|d'v k|fyldstf x'g]5 .

xfd|f b'O{ l5d]sL ljzfn d'n's ef/t / rLg PSsfO;f}ztfAbLs}dxTjk"0f{ /

zlQmzfnL /fi6«sf ?kdf pbo ePsf];Gbe{df g]kfnsf]dxTj emg a9]sf]5 .

g]kfnsf]ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt / dxTjn]dxfzlQm /fi6«x?sf]ljb]z gLltdf ;d]t

dxTjk"0f{ Wofg cf]u6\g k'u]sf]

5 . o; k[i7e"lddf g]kfnn]b'O{ lgs6 l5d]sL ldq/fi6«x?;+u ef}uf]lns oyfy{nfO{

s]Gb|ljGb'df /fv]/ cfk;L ljZjf;, ;xof]u / ;xsfo{sf] jftfj/0fnfO{ k|uf9

agfpFb} n}hfg / kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df ljBdfg / pbLodfg ljZj zlQmx?;+u

;xof]ufTds ;DjGwdf ;dofg'sn ultzLntf k|bfg ug{ cfjZos 5 . l5d]sL

ldq/fi6«x? ef/t / rLg;+u ljZj;gLo / d}qLk"0f{, ;Gt'lnt ;xof]ufTds ;DaGw

/ ;xsfo{ ug'{ g]kfnsf]k//fi6«gLltsf];jf{lws pRr k|fyldstf /xg'k5{ eGg]

g]kfnL sf+u|];sf]wf/0ff 5 / o;}af6 xfd|f]k//fi6«gLltsf]k|efjsfl/tf a9\g]5 .

g]kfnL sf+u|]; cfGtl/s /fhgLltdf ax'njfb / cGt/f{li6«o ;DjGwdf ax'w|'jLo

l;4fGtdf ljZjf; ub{5 . g]kfn / g]kfnL gful/ssf]lxtnfO{;jf]{k/L /fVb}g]kfnL

sf+u|];sf]k//fi6«gLlt lgDg adf]lhd x'g]5 M

n k~rzLnsf l;4fGt, ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf]a8fkq, c;+nUgtf, /fli6«o lxt Pj+

;'/Iff, ljZj zflGt, cGt/f{li6«o sfg"g, nf]stGq / dfgj clwsf/ k//fi6«

;DaGwsf d"n cfwf/ /xg]5g\.

n g]kfnnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfoaLr Ps ;Ifd, ;Ddflgt Pj+ k|ltli7t ;b:o

tyf ljZj zflGt / ;d[l4df of]ubfg ug]{/fi6«sf ?kdf :yflkt ul/g]5 . ljZjdf

b]lvPsf];d:ofx?sf]zflGtk"0f{ ;dfwfgsf nflu ;Djfb / s'6gLltnfO{hf]8

lbb}ljZj zflGt :yfkgf sfo{df g]kfnsf]e"ldsfnfO{cem ;zQm / k|efjsf/L

agfOg]5 .

n l5d]sL ldq/fi6«ef/t / rLg;Fusf]ax'cfoflds / ax'kIfLo ;DaGwnfO{pRr

k|fyldstf lbb};dfgtf, :jtGqtf, /fli6«o :jfledfg / ef}uf]lns cv08tfsf]

k"0f{ kfngf x'g]u/L kf/:kl/s lxt / cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwsf d'No / dfGotf

cg'?k Jojxfl/s / j:t'lgi7 cfwf/df c? ;'b[9 / ;'dw'/ agfOg]5 . b'a}

l5d]sL /fi6«x?sf] cfly{s k|ultaf6 nfe lng] u/L ;fem]bf/Lsf] gLltnfO{

k|fyldstf lbOg]5 .

n l5d]sL ldq/fi6«x?sf];'/Iff / ;+j]bgzLntfnfO{ Wofgdf /fVb}g]kfnsf]e"ld

s'g}klg /fi6«sf]lxt ljk/Lt k|of]u ug{glbg]gLlt g]kfnL sf+u|];n]cjnDjg

ug]{5 . ;fy}, g]kfnL sf+u|];n]g]kfnsf]zflGt ;'/Iff, ;Ddfg / /fli6«o lxt

Page 65 of 84

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ljk/Lt ljb]zL e"dLaf6 ;d]t s'g}klg lx+;fTds ultljlw x'g glbg]gLlt

;'lglZrt ul/g]5 .

n ;a}ldq/fi6«x? / cGt/f{li6«o ;+3÷;d'bfo;+u kf/:kl/s ;Ddfg, ;dembf/L,

;befj / ;dfgtfsf cfwf/df /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts Pj+

cGo If]qx?df ;xof]ufTds ;DaGw sfod /flvg]5 .

n ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf]dfWodaf6 zflGtk|]dL, nf]stflGqs / :jfwLg /fi6«sf ?kdf

g]kfnn]lbFb}cfPsf]of]ubfg / cGt/f{li6«o 5ljnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 .

n If]qLo ;xof]u, ;dembf/L / ljsf;sf nflu ;fs{ tyf ljld:6]s nufotsf

If]qLo ;+u7gx?af6 ;b:o /fi6«x?aLr ;dtfd"ns nfe k|fKt x'g] u/L

g]kfnsf]e"ldsfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg]g]kfnL sf+u|];sf]gLlt /xg]5 .

n cNkljsl;t Pj+ e"kl/j]li6t d'n'sx?sf] lxt cg'?k låkIfLo, If]qLo tyf

cGt/f{li6«o txdf ;lqmo / ultzLn e"ldsf lgjf{x ul/g]5 . blIf0f–blIf0f

;xof]usf] kl/rfngaf6 nfe lng, cfGtl/s t}of/LnfO{ tLj| agfOg]5 .

e"kl/j]li6t d'n'sn]kfpg]lgjf{w kf/jxg ;'ljwfsf];Ddfg / k|Tofe"lt ug]{

gLlt g]kfnL sf+u|];sf]/xg]5 .

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cfb/0fLo lbbLalxgL–bfh'efOx?,

xfd|f ;fd's]xL uDeL/ k|Zg v8f ePsf 5g\– b]znfO{ cltjfbL /fhgLlts ;f+]r

/ Jojxf/tkm{ ws]Ng]jf kf/:kl/s ;xdlt, ;lxi0f'tf / ;xsfo{sf]nf]stflGqs

/ ;'/lIft af6f]tkm{ pGd'v u/fpg]< b]z / hgtfsf] ;do / ;fdYo{ lg/y{s

/fhgLlts dte]b / åGådf vlr{/fVg] jf åGåsf]/fhgLltaf6 lgsfn]/ b]znfO{

cfly{s ljsf; / hgtfsf];d[l4tkm{ s]lGb|t ug]{ < jt{dfg sDo'lgi6 u7aGwg

km]l/ Psk6s b]znfO{ pu|/fhgLlts ljrf/, Jojxf/ / åGbtkm{ n}hfg vf]h]sf]

5 . h'g b]zsf];d[l4 / ;fdflhs Pstfsf nflu jfws aGg ;S5 .

g]kfnL sf+u|];n];w};+;bLo nf]stGq / hgtfsf nf]stflGqs clwsf/sf lglDt

;+3if{ ub}{ alnof]/fi6«/ ;'b[9 g]kfnL /fli6«otfsf]hudf cfly{s ljsf;sf]lbuf]

cfwf/ :yfkgf ug]{k|oTg u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnL sf+u|]; kf6L{n]/fli6«otf / nf]stGqsf]

bf]xf]/f] lhDd]jf/L af]Sb}c? /fhgLlts bnx?nfO{ ;d]t zflGtk"0f{ /fhgLlt /

ljsf; cleofgdf ;w}+ ;fy lnP/ lx8]sf] 5 . To;}n], g]kfnL sf+u|];n]slxNo}

klg å]if / c;lxi0f'tfsf]af6f]/f]h]g, ;w}+ ;xdlt, ;xsfo{, Pstf / d]nldnfksf]

af6f]/f]Hof].

g]kfnL /fhgLlts Oltxf;sf]Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ oyfy{s]xf]eg]– g]kfndf ljleGg

sfnv08df hlGdPsf pu| jfdkGyL ljrf/ / Jojxf/df ;+ul7t /fhgLlts

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ax'bnLo nf]stflGqs d"No–k4lt / zflGtk"0f{/fhgLltsf]bfo/fdf Nofpg k|of;

u/]sf]5 . To;}u/L, blIf0fkGyL ljrf/sf /fhgLlts bn / k|j[lQsf]klg sf+u|];sf]

k|efj / ;xsfo{df qmdzM nf]stflGqsLs/0f ePsf]5 . g]kfnL sf+u|]; cfˆgf log}

P]ltxfl;s e"ldsfsf sf/0f /fli6«otf, nf]stGq / ljsf;sf]ldof]k|dfl0ft ePsf]

xf].

g]kfnL sf+u|];sf]of]/fli6«o e"ldsfnfO{cem an k|bfg ug{tyf b]znfO{Pstf,

zflGt / ;d[l4sf]af6f]df cl3 j9fpg, nf]stGq / ljsf;sf]Ph]08fdf ;+ul7t

ug{/ xfd|f ufpF–gu/df zflGt, ;fdflhs ;b\efj / Pstf ;'b[9 agfpg g]kfnL

sf+u|]; kf6L{sf pDd]bjf/x?sf kIfdf dtbfg ug{;Dk"0f{lbbLjlxgL bfh'efOx?nfO{

xflb{s clkn ub{5 .

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k|b]z

! @ # $ % ^ &

hg;+Vof $%#$($# %$)$!$% %%@($%@ @&#%^^! $#@@&%! !$!%)#% @%%@%!&

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ul/jL -k|ltzt_ !* @* @) @! @& $# $&

cf};t cfo' ^( &) &) ^( ^* ^% ^&

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l6eL ePsf 3/ -k|ltzt_ @%=( ##=) $)=* #)=! @#=^ ^=( !@=&

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gf]6 ! M ;g @)!! sf] cf+s8f

gf]6 @ M &% lhNnfsf cfwf/df -l;Ë} ?s'd k|b]z g+= % / gjnk/f;L k|b]z g+= $ df_

ljz]if v08

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Page 68 of 84

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k|b]z !

kl/ro

k|b]z!;u/dfyf/s~rgh+3f

h:tf lxdlzv/ ePsf],

ls/ft wdf{jnDaLx?sf]

P]ltxfl;s yftynf] ePsf],

g]kfnsf] k|yd cf}Bf]lus

gu/L lj/f6gu/ ePsf],

P]ltxfl;s ljhok'/ /fHosf]

;Ldf;Fu ldNg], sf]zL k'j{sf]

g]kfnL e"efu xf]. @)!! sf]

/fli6«o hgu0fgf cg';f/ of]

k|b]zsf]hg;+Vof $%#$($#

5 . of]k|b]zsf]dfgj ljsf;

;"rsf+s )=%) 5, h'g k|b]z

# / $ kl5sf];jf{lws xf].

o; k|b]zdf !*=$! k|ltzt

hg;+Vof ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg

/x]sf 5g . of]k|b]z g]kfnL

k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngsf

lzv/ k'?if Pj+ hggfos

jLkL sf]O/fnfsf] u[xgu/

ePsf]k|b]z klg xf].

r'gf}tL

d'n'ssf cGo efux? h:t}j]/f]huf/L / ul/aL k|b]z ! sf d'Vo r'gf}tL x'g .

eljiodf klg ljs6 k"aL{ kxf8L efudf ljsf; / cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo ;]jf k'¥ofpg'

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h:t}kxf8 / ;dy/e"dLdf a:g]tyf zx/ / ufpFdf a:g]x?sf]larsf]cfly{s

cGt/ a9\b}hfg glbg'klg of]k|b]zsf]cfly{s eljiosf]nflu d'Vo r'gf}tL x'g]5 .

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rkL{ 5}g . oxfFsf *#=&Ü hg;+VofnfO{ cem}klg vfg]s'/f ksfpg bfp/f k|of]u

k|b]z !

hg;+Vof M $%#$($#

dfgj ljsf; ;"rsf+s M )=%)

ul/aLsf]/]vfd'lgsf hg;+Vof M !*=$!Ü

/0fg}lts ;8s ;~hfn M @@$&=^# ls dL

jo:s ;fIf/tf b/ M ^$=^)Ü

k|lt JolQmcfo -lklkkL_ M !@!! -cd]l/sL 8n/_

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ug{'k5{. oxfFsf]lzz'd[To'b/ k|lt Ps xhf/ hGddf #%=^ 5 . k|b]z ! sf]eljiodf

d'Vo r'gf}tL eg]sf oL ;"rsx?df kl/0ffd d"ns ;'wf/ ug{'g}xf].

;+efjgf

ef/tLo lxn:6];g tyf klxn]sf]lzIffsf]s]G› bflh{lna;Fu hf]l8Psf]o; k|b]zsf]

jo:s ;fIf/tf b/ k|b]z $ kl5 d'n'ss};a}eGbf w]/}cyf{t\^$=^Ü 5 . wfld{s

ko{6gsf b[li6n] klg dxTjk"0f{ dflgg] kflye/f dfO{, kljq j/fx If]q, xn];L

dxfb]j, bGtsfnL / a'9f;'Aafsf]dlGb/ tyf k|Voft ls/ft wd{u'? l;l/hËf tyf

dxfu'? kmfNu'gGbsf] hGd:yn oxL k|b]zdf k5{ . ;u/dfyf /fli6«o lgs'~h,

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gbL klg oxL 5g\. cn}rL, lrof nufotsf gub] afnLsf]nflu klg of]If]q

k|Voft 5 . o;afx]s kz'kfng / b'Uw pTkfbgdf klg of]If]q cu|0fL 5 . o;}n]

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b]lvG5 .

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efudf cjl:yt,

hgsk'/ , l;d/f}gu9 /

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5g .

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/0fg}lts ;8s ;~hfn M !#)#=&& lsdL

jo:s ;fIf/tf b/ M $!=)@Ü

k|lt JolQmcfo -lklkkL_ M (@@=@% -cd]l/sL 8n/_

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k|b]z @ /fhg}lts ?kdf ;r]t / k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ng;Fu nfdf] ;do b]lv

hf]l8Psf]If]q xf]. @))& ;fnsf] qmflGtsf]z'?jftL r/0fsf cfGbf]ng ePsf

jL/u~h, xg'dfg

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/ clwsf/sf]nflu ePsf]k|yd dw]z cfGbf]ngsf]pb\ud:yn nfxfg oxL k|b]zdf

kb{5g\eg]@)!& ;fnsf]k|ltqmflGtkl5 cdfgjLo ?kdf kmfF;L lbOPsf zxLb

b'uf{gGb emf klg k|b]z @ s}x'g'x'GYof].

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k|b]z @ sf clxn]sf d'Vo r'gf}tLx? eg]sf] oxfFsf ul/aLsf /]vfd'lg/x]sf w]/}

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b/ sd 5 eg]:jf:Yosf]l:ylt klg gfh"s

5 . ;fy}vfg]kfgLdf kx'Fr gePsf hg;+Vof d'n'ss}sd -&=%Ü_ ePtf klg

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5 eg]afFr]sfx? dWo klg tf}n sd ePsf hg;+Vof #@=(*Ü tyf prfO sd

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l:y/ /fhgLlt, / cg's"n kl/l:ylt ePdf d'n'ssf cfly{s ?kdf alnof k|b]zx?

-!, #, $_ sf] dWo efudf kg]{ o; k|b]zdf nufgL leq\ofpg ;lhnf] x'g]5 .

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h:tf :ynx? dxTjk"0f{cfsif{0f aGg ;S5g\.

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k|b]z #

kl/ro

k|b]z # uPsf]@%) jif{b]lv

;du|d'n'ssf]zlQmsf]s]G›

/ k|frLg g]kfnL ;Eotfsf]

kof{ojfrL h:t} dflgg]

g]jf/L ;Eotfsf] s]G›ljGb'

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tyf To;sf jl/kl/sf

lhNnfx? ldn]/ ag]sf]5 .

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v]k]sf] 5 eg] To;sf]

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cufl8 5 . d'n'ssf k|yd

c:ktfn, ljZjljBfnox?

klg of]k|b]zd}v'n]sf lyP .

@)!! sf]hgu0fgf cg';f/

of] k|b]zsf] hg;+Vof

%%@($%@ 5 . of]k|b]zsf]dfgj ljsf; ;"rsf+s )=%! 5, h'g k|b]z $ ;Fu;Fu}

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r'gf}tL

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@!=!Ü 5 . rkL{ gePsf 3/x? @*Ü 5g\. o;afx]s lzz'd[To"b/ x/]s xhf/df

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sd ePsf hg;+Vof $)=)@Ü 5 . cfwf/e"t lzIff tyf :jf:Yo ;'ljwf k|bfg ub}{

zx/Ls/0fsf]cf8df ;d[l4 a9fpg'o; k|b]zsf]d'Vo r'gf}tL x'g]5 .

k|b]z #

hg;+Vof M %%@($%@

dfgj ljsf; ;"rsf+s M )=%!

ul/aLsf]/]vfd'lgsf hg;+Vof M @)=#$Ü

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jo:s ;fIf/tf b/ M ^)=&*Ü

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Page 72 of 84

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;+efjgf

clxn]g}d'n'ssf ko{6sx? hfg]k|d'v rf/ :ynx?dWo]b'O{-sf7df08'/ lrtjg_

o; k|b]zdf k5{g\. ko{6sLo b[li6n]dxTjk"0f{ lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~h, nfa\6fa

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nufgL leqfpg c? k|b]znfO{ eGbf ;lhnf] 5 . s"n %!=%Ü e"efu h+unn]

el/Psf]o; k|b]zdf jghGo pBf]usf]klg TolQs};+efjgf 5 . To;jfx]s /;'jf,

wflba, l;Gw'kfNrf]s / bf]nvf lhNnfdf hnljB't\cfof]hgfx? clxn]g}w]/}5g\/

lj:tf/}a9\g]qmddf 5g\. k|b]z # n]oL cfof]hgfx?af6 oy]i6 kmfO{bf lng ;Sg]

klg b]lvG5 .

k|b]z $

kl/ro

k|ltJolQm cfo / ;fIf/tf b/

;a}eGbf pRr ePsf], cGgk"0f{

;+/If0f If]q b]lv ljZjk|l;4

ko{6sLo gu/L kf]v/f /x]sf]

k|b]z $ uf]vf{, ndh'a, tgx'F,

kj{t tyf d':tfa h:tf k'/fgf

/fHox? ldn]/ ag]sf]5 . u'?a,

du/, v; nufotsf ;d'bfo

j;f]jf; ug]{ of]k|b]z hftLo

b[li6n] ljljw 5 eg] o;df

ef}uf]lns b[li6n] ;fljssf]

gjnk/f;Lsf s]xL efu afx]s

d'Vot kxf8L If]qx? 5g\.

@)!! sf]hgu0fgf cg';f/ of]

k|b]zsf] hg;+Vof @&#%^^!

5 . d'n'ssf] ;a}eGbf pRr

dfgj ljsf; ;"rsf+s ePsf

b'O{ k|b]z -# / $ _ dWo of]

Ps xf] / o;sf] ;"rsf+s

)=%! 5 .

k|b]z $

hg;+Vof M @&#%^^!

dfgj ljsf; ;"rsf+s M )=%!

ul/aLsf]/]vfd'lgsf hg;+Vof M @)=%$Ü

/0fg}lts ;8s ;~hfn M !^^^=(@ ls dL

jo:s ;fIf/tf b/ M ^^=^^Ü

k|lt JolQmcfo -lklkkL_ M !#*$=@& -cd]l/sL 8n/_

Page 73 of 84

73

k|ltJolQm cf};t jflif{s cfo -lklklkdf_ !#*$=@& cd]l/sL 8n/ /x]sf] o;

k|b]zdf @)=%$Ü hg;+Vof ul/aLsf]/]vfd'lg /x]sf 5g .

r'gf}tL

;kmntfsf jfjh"b of]k|b]zsf s}+og r'gf}tL klg 5g . d'Vou/L kxf8L If]qdf

ofqf si6s/ 5 / u'0f:t/Lo :jf:Yo / lzIff ;]jf x/]s If]qdf k'¥ofpg ;lsPsf]

5}g . o;sf afah"b ;/sf/L tyf u}/ ;/sf/L kxndf ljleGg pko'Qm sfo{qmdx?

rnfP/ afn d[To'b/ @@=)* -k|lt Ps xhf/ hLljt hGddf_ df k'¥ofOPsf]5 .

cf};t cfo'k|b]z @ / # sf]eGbf sd -cyf{t ^(=!@ jif{_ 5 eg]kf]v/f cf}Bf]lus

If]q afx]s c? cf}Bf]lus If]qx? v'n]sf 5}gg h;n]ubf{ /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x?

o; If]qdf ;Lldt 5g . o:t}cem}klg @)=(&Ü 3/w'/Ldf rkL{5}g, &%Ü 3/df

bfp/fn]g}vfgf ksfpg]ul/G5 eg]nueu !%Ü hgtf :jR5 kfgL lkpgaf6

jl~rt 5g\. o; k|b]zsf]nueu Ps ltxfO efu dfq h+unn]9fs]sfn]/ o;df

w]/}lxdfnaf6 l;w}au]/ cfpg]gbLx? ePsf]n]hnjfo'kl/jt{gsf b[li6n]klg

of]k|b]z lgs};+j]bgzLn 5 .

;+efjgf

d'n'sd};a}eGbf a9L dlxnf 3/d"nL ePsf]ef}uf]lns If]q xf]of]k|b]z -#^=*Ü_ .

n}+lus ;dfgtf, lzIff / k|ltJolQmcfo t'ngfTds ?kdf pRr /x]sf]of]k|b]zdf

ko{6g / hnljB't\sf] k|r'/ ;+efjgf 5 . k|:tfljt a'9LuG8sL of]hgfb]lv

d:of{a\bL hnljB't\ of]hgf;Dd oxL k|b]zdf k5{g\ . kf]v/f, d':tfa, alGbk'/,

dgfa h:tf ko{6sLo If]qx? klg oxL k|b]zdf k5{g\. ;+;f/sf];a}eGbf ulx/f]

uN5L -sfnLu08sL_, wfld{s ko{6gsfnflu k|Voft b]j3f6, d'lQmgfy, dgsfdgf,

bfdf]b/s'08 h:tf :yfgx? oxL 5g\. o;jfx]s Joj;flos lzIffsf nflu klg of]

;'Gb/ k|b]z cToGt pko'Qm x'g ;S5 . d'n'ssf]csf]{ Ps cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn

kf]v/fd}aGg]qmddf 5 eg] k[YjL /fhdfu{sf]:t/f]Gglt u/]/ rf/ n]g agfpg]

k|lqmof z'? ePsf]5 . o;/L sf7df8f}+/ kf]v/f hf]l8g]qmd tLa| x'Fb}uof]eg]

lzIff, :jf:Yo / ko{6gdf /fd|f] u/]sf] gftfn] o; k|b]zn] c? ;a} aftfj/0f

ldn]df lgs}nufgL leq\ofpg]ck]Iff ug{;lsG5 .

k|b]z %

kl/ro

eujfg a'4sf] hGd:yn n'lDagL / dxfef/tsfnLg dxTjk"0f{ :yn :ju{åf/L

ePsf], k|Voft alb{of tyf afFs]/fli6«o lgs'~h ePsf], k'/fgf alnof /fHox?

kfNkf / u'NdLb]lv gofFd'n'ssf afFs]/ alb{of;Dd ;d]l6Psf], ;dy/ t/fO{ b]lv

dfly lxdfn;Dd km}lnPsf]k|b]z % jftfj/0fLo / ;fdflhs?kdf cToGt ljljwtf

ePsf]Ps dxTjk"0f{ k|b]z xf].

Page 74 of 84

74

@)!! sf] hgu0fgf cg';f/

of] k|b]zsf] hg;+Vof

$#@@&%! 5 . o;sf]dfgj

ljsf; ;"rsf+s )=$^ 5 .

k|ltJolQm cf};t jflif{s

cfo -lklklkdf_ (@*=@&

cd]l/sL 8n/ /x]sf] o;

k|b]zdf @^=^*Ü hg;+Vof

ul/aLsf]/]vfd'lg /x]sf 5g .

r'gf}tL

;Lldt /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x?

x'g', ePsf ko{6sLo /fli6«o

lgs'~h tyf ;+/lIft If]qaf6

w]/} cfly{s nfe p7fpg

g;Sg', ef}uf]lns ljs6tf,

/0fgLlts ;8s ;~hfnsf]

sdL o; k|b]zsf d'Vo

;d:of x'g . o; k|b]zsf]

lzz'd[To'b/ cem}klg pRr

-$@=*_ 5 h'g k|b]z $ sf]eGbf nueu bf]Aa/ xf]. kf}li6s vfg]s'/fsf]afns

sfnb]lv o'jfj:yf;Dd cefj hgfpg]u/L k'8\sf]kg $!=*!Ü / sd tf}n x'g]

;d:of #)=^%Ü hg;+Vofdf 5 . !^=*Ü hg;+Vof ;Dd cem}lkpg] kfgLsf]

kx'Fr k'u]sf]5}g eg]$%Ü 3/x?df rkL{ gePsf]cj:yf 5 . clzIff / cefjsf]

sf/0fn] j]nf j]nfdf sDo'lgi6x? nufot c? pu| larf/ wf/f af]Sg] ;d'xn]

oxfFsf hgtfx? dfem e|d 5/]/ kmfO{bf p7fO/x]sf / eljiodf klg p7fpg ;Sg]

;+efjgf b]lvG5 .

;+efjgf

o; k|b]zsf]k|d'v ;+efjgf ko{6g g}xf]. n'lDagLsf]cfWoflTds dxTj / eujfg

a'4sf]hLjg;Fu hf]l8Psf cGo :ynx?sf]plrt k|rf/k|;f/ x'g ;s]sf]l:yltdf

n'lDagL If]qn] w]/}ko{6sx? cfslif{t ug{ ;Sg]5 . To;jfx]s u}+8f, af3h:tf

hgfj/x?sf]jf;:yn aGb}uPsf]alb{of / afFs]lgs'~h If]qsf]cem}oy]i6 k|rf/

x'g ;s]sf]5}g . g]kfnu~h / e}/xjf h:tf zx/x? cfly{s b[li6n]klg dxTjk"0f{

aGb}uPsf 5g eg]g]kfnu~h xfn dfg;/f]j/ ofqf ug]{x?sf]nflu Ps dxTjk"0f{

d'sfd ePsf]5 . To; afx]s tfg;]g h:tf zx/x? pi0f l5d]sL ef/tLo zx/sf

ko{6sx?nfO{ cfsif{0f ug{ ;Sg]Ifdtf /fV5g . ko{6gsf cnfjf ?kGb]xL, bfa,

k|b]z %

hg ;+Vof M $#@@&%!

dfgj ljsf; ;"rsf+s M )=$^

ul/aLsf]/]vfd'lgsf hg;+Vof M @^=^*Ü

/0fg}lts ;8s ;~hfn M @@*&=^% lsdL

jo:s ;fIf/tf b/ M %*=(#Ü

k|lt JolQmcfo -lklkkL_ M (@*=@& -cd]l/sL 8n/_

Page 75 of 84

75

afFs]/ alb{of h:tf t/fOsf lhNnfx?df s[lifsf]k|r'/ ;+efjgf 5 . of]k|b]zsf]

dfyL kxf8df klg skmL v]tL / hl8a'l6sf] w]/} ;+efjgf 5 . xfn e}/xjfdf

ljz]if cf}Bf]lus If]q vf]lnPsf]/ oxfF ePsf r'g9'+uf vfgLn] 7'nf7'nf l;d]G6

pBf]ux?nfO{ cfslif{t u/]sf]cj:yfdf of]k|b]z cf}Bf]lus ?kdf klg ;an aGg]

;+efjgf b]lvG5 .

k|b]z ^

kl/ro

k|frLg h'Dnf /fHo /

To;sf jl/kl/sf lhNnfx?

;d]l6P/ ag]sf], /fHosf]

pk]Iffsf] kof{o h:t}

ePsf s0ff{nL If]q, /f/f

/ kmf]s;'G8f] h:tf ;'Gb/

tfnx? ePsf]k|b]z ^ Ps

cToGt ;+efjgf af]s]sf]

k|b]z xf].

@)!! sf]hgu0fgf cg';f/

of] k|b]zsf] hg;+Vof

!$!%)#% 5 . o;sf]dfgj

ljsf; ;"rsf+s )=$! 5 .

k|ltJolQm cf};t jflif{s

cfo -lklklkdf_ *)*=%^

cd]l/sL 8n/ /x]sf] o;

k|b]zdf $@=*$Ü hg;+Vof

ul/aLsf]/]vfd'lg /x]sf 5g .

r'gf}tL

nueu ;a}h;f] ljsf;sf ;'rsf+sx?df k5fl8 b]lvPsf] k|b]z ^ sf cufl8

r'gf}ltsf rfax? 5g\. d'n'sd};a}eGbf w]/}cyf{t #%=(Ü 3/w'l/nfO{ kfgLsf]

cefj 5 eg]$&=(Ü 3/x?df rkL{ 5}gg\. o;}sf/0fn]ubf{ o; k|b]zsf]afn

d[To'b/ cToGt w]/}cyf{t\%%=(Ü 5 eg]kf]if0ftTjsf]cefjdf oxfFsf]#*=%!Ü

hg;+Vofdf k'8\sf]kg b]lvPsf]5 . %!=(#Ü hg;+Vofdf sdtf}nsf];d:of 5 .

d'n'ssf ;ft k|b]z dWo];a}eGbf sd /0fgLlts ;8s ;~hfn klg oxL k|b]zdf

5 . o; k|b]zsf]hDdf #)% If]qkmn h+unn]9fs]sf]df d'n'ss};a}eGbf a9L (%Ü

k|b]z ^

hg;+Vof M !$!%)#%

dfgj ljsf; ;"rsf+s M )=$!

ul/aLsf]/]vfd'lgsf hg;+Vof M $@=*$Ü

/0fg}lts ;8s ;~hfn M !!%@=)# lsdL

jo:s ;fIf/tf b/ M $*=)@Ü

k|lt JolQmcfo -lklkkL_ M *)*=%^ -cd]l/sL 8n/_

Page 76 of 84

76

hgtf vfgf ksfpg bfp/fsf]k|of]u ug]{clxn]sf]kl/l:yltn]kof{j/0fLo b'3{6gf

lgDTofpg ;Sg]klg b]lvG5 . cem}klg ;8s gk'u]sf lhNnf ;b/d'sfd -8f]Nkf

/ x'Dnf_ o;}k|b]zdf 5g . ljsf;sf]cefjdf /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x? o; k|b]zdf

lgs}sd 5g\. o; k|b]zsf]lgDg ;fIf/tf b/ / ljs6 ef}uf]lns cj:yf ljsf;sf]

ult k|fKt ug{ d'Vo r'gf}tL x'g]5g\.

;+efjgf

;'v]{tsf]sf+qm]ljxf/ xf]; cyjf d'u'sf]/f/f tfnsf]cfsif{0f— o; k|b]zn]cfˆgf

;+efjgfsf]t'ngfdf sd ko{6sLo nfe p7fO/x]sf]jt{dfg l:ylt 5 . o;afx]s

lxdfnL e]usf 8f]Nkf / x'Dnf lhNnfx?n] hl8a'6L / ko{6gsf] ckf/ ;+efjgf

af]s]sf 5g\. ;:tf]df sfdbf/ kfOg]ePsf]n];8s ;~hfn;Fu t'ngfTds ?kn]

hf]l8Psf ;Nofg tyf ;'v]{t lhNnfx? cem}klg pBf]u :yfkgfsf nflu /fd|f]

:yn x'g ;S5g\. g]kfndf v; ;Eotfsf]pb\ud:yn h'Dnf tyf b'Nn'h:tf

:ynx?n] cfGtl/s ko{6gnfO{ cfslif{t ug{ ;S5g\ . of] k|b]z Ps dxTjk"0f{

z}lIfs s]G› klg x'g ;S5 . hnljB't\sf]If]qdf gnl;auf8 hnljB't\cfof]hgf

ePsf]hfh/sf]6sf]lgs};+efjgf 5 .

k|b]z &

kl/ro

nfdf] ;do;Dd ;8s

;~hfnsf]cefjdf d'n'ssf]

/fhwfgLb]lv k/ ePsf], t/

ef}uf]lns ?kdf ef/tsf]

/fhwfgL zx/ gofF lbNnL,

cf}Bf]lus k|fGtx? u'h/ft /

k~hfa;Fu ghLs, k|:tfljt

ljzfn hnljB't\of]hgfx?

-k~r]Zj/ /s0ff{nL h:tf_

ePsf], t/fOsf] ;dy/

hdLgb]lv lxdfn;Dd

km}lnPsf], z'Snfkmf+6

h:tf] /fli6«o lgs'~h

ePsf], vKt8 h:tf] kfjg

If]q ePsf], wgu9L tyf

dx]G›gu/ h:tf zx/ ePsf]

k|b]z & d'n'ssf] ;a}eGbf

klZrddf /x]sf]5 .

k|b]z &

hg;+Vof M @%%@%!&

dfgj ljsf; ;"rsf+s M )=$@

ul/aLsf]/]vfd'lgsf hg;+Vof M $&=!!Ü

/0fg}lts ;8s ;~hfn M !$)%=^* lsdL

jo:s ;fIf/tf b/ M %@=&@Ü

k|lt JolQmcfo -lklkkL_ M ^*$=*( -cd]l/sL 8n/_

Page 77 of 84

77

@)!! ;fnsf] hgu0fgf cg';f/ k|b]z & sf] hg;+Vof @%%@%!& 5 . oxfF

/0fgLlts ;8s ;~hfn lj:tf/ x'g]qmddf 5 / xfn !$)%=^* lsnf]ld6/ 5 .

o'jf ;fIf/tf b/ cem}sd cyf{t\%@=&@Ü 5 eg]k|lt JolQm cfo ^*$=*( 8n/

5 h'g d'n'ss};aeGbf sd xf].

r'gf}tL

k|b]z & sf]d'Vo r'gf}tL klg hgtfsf nflu /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ l;h{gf ug{'/

k|b]znfO{ lj:tf/}cfw'lgsLs/0f ub}{ n}hfg'xf]. Psflt/ ($Ü eGbf a9L hgtf

vfgf ksfpg bfp/fdf lge{/ x'g'kg]{ l:ylt 5 eg] lzz'd[To'b/ $&=( -k|lt

! xhf/ hGddf_ 5 h'g d'n'ssf] pRr dWo] Ps xf] . kxf8L e]ux?sf] pRr

k5f}6]kg / ul/aLn]ubf{ oxfFsf]hg;+Vofdf k'8\sf]kg -$*=*$Ü_ / sd tf}n

ePsf -#%=%#Ü_ x?sf]lx:;f klg k|b]z ^ kl5sf]pRr 5 . ;kmfkfgLdf kx'Fr

gePsf]3/w'/L cem}@%=(Ü 5 eg]rkL{gePsf 3/x? %$=$Ü 5g\h'g d'n'ss}

pRr dWo]Ps xf]. ul/aL / clzIffsf]sf/0f l;lh{t oL ;d:ofx? /fd|f]tna

lbg]/f]huf/L l;h{gf gul/ lbuf]?kdf xn ug{ ;lsb}g . o;}n]/fd|f]tna lbg]

/f]huf/Lsf cj;/x? l;h{gf ug{'/ To;sf nflu pBf]u wGbf vf]Ng]nufgLstf{x?

cfsif{0f ug'{ o; k|b]zsf]d'Vo r'gf}tL x'g]5 .

;+efjgf

k|b]z & s[lif, hnljB't, wfld{s tyf lgs'~h ko{6g ;a}sf] b[li6sf]0fn] Ps

dxTjk"0f{ k|b]z x'g ;S5 . ef/tsf ;d[4 x'Fb}uO/x]sf k|fGtx?;Fusf];fdLKon]

ubf{ tyf u'h/ft / d'DaOsf cGt/f{li6«o kf]6{x?af6 g]kfnn] ;'ljwf lng z'?

u/]df lgof{td"ns pBf]ux?sf]nflu k|b]z & cfsif{s uGtJo klg x'g ;S5 .

k~r]Zj/ kl/of]hgf ;DkGg ePkZrft\ cltl/Qm l;rfO{ x'g] bzf}+ xhf/ x]S6/

hdLgn] of] k|b]zsf]s[lif pTkfbsTj a9fpg]5 eg] ljB't\sf] dfu ;d]t nfdf]

;donfO{ k'/f ug]{5 . k|b]z ^ / & hl8a'6Ldf ;d[4 5 eg]k|b]z & sf]cfwfeGbf

a9L -cyf{t %!Ü_ e"efu jgh+unn]9fs]sf]n]hl8a'6L tyf jghGo pBf]usf]klg

oxfFw]/};+efjgf 5 . e}/x]sf cf}Bf]lus ultljlwsf]cfwf/df wgu9L / dx]G›gu/

dxTjk"0f{ cf}Bf]lus If]q aGg ;Sg]Ifdtf /fVb5g . oxfFsf P]ltxfl;s dlGb/x?

-h:t} pu|tf/f dlGb/,z}n]Zjl/ dlGb/, al8dflnsf dlGb/, lqk'/f;'Gb/L dlGb/_

/ ;'Gb/ vKt8 If]q cfkm}df wfld{s ko{6sLo uGtAo x'g\ eg] of] k|b]z k|l;4

tLy{:yn dfg;/f]j/ hfg]af6f]df klg k5{ .

Page 78 of 84

78

sf+u|]; g]t[Tjdf ePsf] ljut @% jif{sf] ljsf; k|ltkmn

cg';"rL !

lj=;+= @)$* lj=;= @)&#

! ul/aLsf]/]vfd'lg /x]sf hg;+Vofsf]k|ltzt $( @!

@ ;fIf/tf -k|ltzt_ !%–@$ pd]/ ;d"x %) ()

# k|fylds ljBfnodf v'b egf{ b/ -k|ltzt_ ^$ (&

$ dfWolds ljBfnosf];+Vof !,(%( #,%(^

% pRr lzIffdf dlxnf / k'?ifsf]cg'kft !M# !M!

^ cf};t cfo' %$ &!

& lrlsT;f / OlGhgLol/Ë ljBfyL{ ;+Vof -:gfts tx_ %&( #&,!#)

* :jf:Yo rf}sLsf];+Vof !,)(* $,!!^

( lzz'd[To'b/ -k|lt !,))) hLljt hGd_ !)* ##

!) dft[ d[To'b/ -k|lt ! nfv hLljt hGd_ *%) @%*

!! vfg]kfgLsf];'ljwf k'u]sf]hg;+Vofsf]k|ltzt #^ *$

!@ zf}rfno / ;/;kmfO k'u]sf]hg;+Vofsf]k|ltzt ^ *!

!# pmhf{ zlQm @@& d]=jf= *%! d]=jf=

-csf]{@ jif{df @#))_

!$ laB't\df kx'Fr k'u]sf]hg;+Vofsf]k|ltzt ( &$

!% ;8s -;a}vfnsf_ &,##) ls=dL= *!,#&! ls=dL=

!^ ;8s -sfnf]kq]/ u|fjn_ $,^!^ ls=dL= #@,^#( ls=dL=

!& l;+rfO -x]S6/_ %=$ nfv !$ nfv

!* 6]lnkmf]g &!,%^) @&,*%),)))

-df]jfOn_

!( a}ls+u tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?sf];+Vof % !!&

@) s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfgdf /fh:jsf]cg'kft -k|ltzt_ ( @!

@! ah]6df ljb]zL cg'bfg / C0fsf]cg'kft -k|ltzt_ $% !%

@@ jgn]9fs]sf]If]q -s'n If]qkmnsf]k|ltzt_ #& $%

;|f]t M /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u nufot g]kfn ;/sf/sf cGo b:tfj]h

Page 79 of 84

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cg';"rL @

sf+u|];sf] ljsf; b[li6 / nIo M casf] !) jif{df g]kfn

!= clwsf+z gful/s dWod–juL{o, lghL pBd / Joj;fo–d}qL ePsf]ultzLn

nf]ssNof0fsf/L /fHo x'g]5 .

@= b|'t / km/flsnf]cfly{s a[l4 xfl;n eO{ cy{tGqsf]cfsf/ k|rlnt d'Nodf

?= !)) vj{sf]xf/fxf/Ldf k'Ug]/ nfvf}+ gofF/f]huf/L l;h{gf x'g]5 .

#= s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] cg'kftdf cf};t kfFr k|ltzt -jflif{s ?= !

vj{b]lv % vj{_ a/fa/sf]ljb]zL k|ToIf nufgL lelqg]5 . cy{tGqdf g]kfnL

pTkfbgd"ns pBf]usf]c+z % af6 !% k|ltzt k'uL cGt/f{li6«o pTkfbg

;+hfndf uFfl;Psf]x'g]5 .

$= ul/aLsf]/]vfd'lg/x]sf hgtfsf]lx:;f # k|ltzt eGbf sd x'g]5 . hLjgrqmsf

hf]lvdk"0f{ cjlwx?df s]lGb|t eO{ ;zt{ gub x:tfGt/0f, Go"gtd /f]huf/L

Uof/]G6L / cfwf/e"t cfo lglZrt ul/Psf]a[xt ;'/Iff Kofs]hsf]sfof{Gjog

x'g]5 .

%= g]kfndf s'kf]if0f / ef]sd/L lgd{"n ePsf]x'g]5 .

^= cf}krfl/s If]qsf >dhLjL sf]xL klg ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg gePsf] /

cgf}krfl/s If]qsf >ldsx?nfO{ ;fdflhs ;'/Iff ;+hfndf cfj4 u/fO{

lgj[lQe/0fsf]Joj:yf ePsf]x'g]5 .

&= ;a}o'jfx? ;fIf/ ePsf / s'g}g s'g}ljifodf l;k / bIftf xfl;n u/]sf

x'g]5g\.

*= k|To]s g]kfnLsf]:jf:Yo aLdf ul/Psf]x'g]5 . cf};t g]kfnLsf]cfo'&& jif{

gf£g], lzz'd[To'b/ ## -k|lt !))) hLljt hGd_ af6 36]/ Psn c+sdf

;Lldt x'g]/ dft[d'To'b/ @%* -k|lt Ps nfv hLljt hGd_ af6 36]/ %)

k'u]sf]x'g]5 .

(= !%,))) d]ufjf6 eGbf a9L pmhf{sf]pTkfbg x'g]5 . cfGtl/s vkt eGbf

a9L pmhf{ lgof{t ul/g]5 / g]kfnsf]cGt/f{li6«o 5lj æzt k|ltzt :jR5

phf{df cfwfl/t jftfj/0f d}qL cy{tGqÆ sf] x'g]5 . k|d'v ko{6sLo

gu/x?df ztk|ltzt / cGo ;x/x?df jx';+Vos ;jf/L ;fwg ljB'tLo

x'g]5g\.

!)= sf7df8f}+–dw]z PS;k|];j]nufot $ b]lv ^ n]gsf !))) ls=dL eGbf a9L

b|'t–dfu{, %)) ls=dL= eGbf a9L /]Nj]nfOg, %),))) eGbf a9L ls=dL=

sfnf]kq];8s ;+hfnn]/fi6«nfO{hf]8]sf]x'g]5 .

!!= kfFrj6f cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:ynx? lgdf{0f ePsf x'g]5g\ . k|To]s aif{ #@

nfv eGbf a9L ko{6s g]kfn lelqg]5g\/ krf; nfv g]kfnLx?n]ko{6g

pBf]udf k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf /f]huf/L kfpg]5g\.

Page 80 of 84

80

!@= t/fO{–dw]z / kxf8sf !* nfv x]S6/ eGbf a9L v]tLof]Uo hdLg afx|}dlxgf

l;+lrt x'g]5g\. k|d'v t/sf/L / vfBfGgx?df g]kfn cfTdlge{/ aGg]5 . xfnsf]

s[lif pTkfbsTj bf]Aa/ ePsf]x'g]5 .

!#= df]afOn kmf]g / OG6/g]6sf]kx'Fr ;a}g]kfnL hgtfdf k'u]sf]x'g]5 .

!$= !^ jif{ eGbf dflysf ;a}g]kfnLsf]a}+s vftf x'g]5 eg]C0f lnPsf *)

k|ltzt eGbf a9L 3/w'/Lsf];|f]t cf}krfl/s ljQLo If]q x'g]5 .

!%= g]kfnsf]&% k|ltzt eGbf a9L hg;+Vof Joal:yt, ;'ljwf ;DkGg, cfw'lgs

;x/x?df a;f]af; ug]{5 .

!^= ;'/lIft cfjf;df a:g]g]kfnL 3/kl/jf/sf]lx:;f tLg u'0ffn]a[l4 x'g]5 . ;a}

gofFejgx? clgjfo{ ?kn]e"sDk –k|lt/f]wL x'g]5g\. af9L, klx/f], cfunfuL

h:tf k|fs[lts ljkb\sf sf/0f csfndf d[To'x'g]sf];+Vof Go"g x'g]5 .

!&= g]kfnsf] $% k|ltzt e"–efu jgn] 9fs]sf] x'g] / hnjfo' kl/jt{g /

cNk–sfnLg hnafo'k|b'ifsx?sf]gsf/fTds k|efjnfO{oyf;Dej Go"gLs/0f

ul/Psf]x'g]5 .

!*= ;a}txsf ;/sf/L lgsfo lghL If]q / ;fdflhs ;+:yfx? jftfj/0f ;+/If0f,

cfly{s ljsf; tyf ;fdflhs ;]jfdf tTk/tfsf ;fy ;xsfo{u/]sf x'g]5g\.

!(= ;a}l5d]sL /fi6«x?;+u c;n ;DjGw / ;fj{ef}d ;dfgtfsf cfwf/df :jtGq

k//fi6«gLlt cjnDjg ub}{u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnLx?nfO{d'n'ssf]ljsf; d"nwf/df

;dflxt ug{pgLx?sf];Lk / k"FhLsf]clwstd pkof]u ePsf]x'g]5 .

@)= ;+;bLo nf]stGqsf] hudf ;dfj]zL, Gofok"0f{, pQ/bfoL, e|i6frf/–/lxt

zf;g Joj:yf ;'b[9 ePsf] x'g]5 .

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81

sf+u|];sf] PsLs[t ;fdflhs ;'/Iff cjwf/0ff

g]kfnL sf+u|]; sNof0fsf/L /fHodf ljZjf; ub{5 / g]kfnnfO{ Gofok"0f{ Pj+

;dtfd"ns agfpg] o;sf] ;dfhjfbL gLltsf] d"n Wo]o xf] . of] gLlt tLg

l;4fGtdf c8]sf]5 M

!= nf]stflGqs ;dfhdf x/]s gful/s cfTd;Ddfgsf ;fy afFRg kfpg'kb{5 .

hGdb]lv d[To';Ddsf]hLjgrqmdf s]xL lglZrt sfnv08x? a9L hf]lvdk"0f{

x'G5g\hlt a]nf gful/ssf]e/y]u ul/lbg'/fHosf]bfloTj xf].

@= lhDd]jf/ /fHon];fdYo{/ cfjZostfnfO{;Gt'ngdf /fVg'kb{5 . cNksfnLg

/fhgLlts nfesf nflu /fHosf]9's'6L l/Tofpg]u/L hyfefjL ljt/0fd'vL sfo{qmd Nofpg'x'Fb}g . t/ d'n'ssf]/fh:j, gful/ssf] of]ubfg, ;+:yfut

sf]ifx? / gjLg ljQLo pks/0fx?n]wfGg ;Dej eP;Dd /fHo hgtfk|lt

lhDd]jf/ / ;xof]uL aGg'kb{5 .

#= k'glj{t/0f / aLdf;lxt ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf b'O{k|d'v kf6fsf]5'§f–5'§}gLltut

;Daf]wg x'g'kb{5 . k'glj{t/0f ;f]em}gub lbP/, ;fj{hlgs ;]jf / j:t'sf] ljt/0fdf cg'bfg lbP/ jf Go'gtd /f]huf/Lsf]Uof/]G6L u/]/ cl3 a9\5 eg]

gful/s cfkm}n]of]ubfg u/]sf]cg'kftdf hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ul/g]sfo{qmdn]

;fdflhs aLdfsf]?k lnG5g\.

cg';"rL #

;fdflhs k'glj{t/0f

n ;'Ts]/L cfdf M kf]lifnf] vfgf cGtu{t cfdf /

lzz'sf nflu Ps xhf/ lbg;Dd kf]if0f s'kg

n z}lIfs ;+:yfdf cfjf;, vfgf, 5fqj[lQ, ;zt{ gub

x:tfGt/0f / k|f]T;fxg k'/:sf/ -Nofk6k, ;fOsn_

n t?0f ;Lk j[lQ

n o'jf :jo+;]jf Pj+ a]/f]huf/ eQf

n !)) j6f hlt lgMz'Ns cf}iflw / ljz]if /f]usf]

lgMz'Ns :jf:Yo pkrf/

n ul/asf nflu !)) lbgsf]/f]huf/L Uof/]G6L

n Psn dlxnf, ckfË / ;LdfGtLs[t ;d'bfo

nufotsf nflu lgMzt{ gub x:tfGt/0f

n Ho]i7 gful/s eQf / ;]jfcf>d

l blntnfO{ / s0ff{nLdf ^) jif{ kl5

l ;a}dlxnfnfO{^% jif{ kl5

l afFsL k'?ifnfO{ &) jif{ kl5

n d[To'–;+:sf/ / ;Ddfg vr{ -?= !),)))_

;fdflhs aLdf

n clgjfo{ :jf:Yo aLdf

n s[lif afnL / kz'wg aLdf

n cf}krfl/s If]qdf sfd ug]{sf]k]G;g Uof/]06L

n :j/f]huf/ jf cgf}krfl/s If]qdf sfd ug]{

;a}sf]gful/s ;'/Iff btf{ / k]G;gdf kx'Fr

n a}b]lzs /f]huf/df ;+nUgsf] ;fdflhs

;'/Iff sf]ifdf of]ubfg u/] adf]lhd k]G;g,

/]ld6–xfO8«f] / /]ld6–cfjf; h:tf nfef+z

lbg]sfo{qmd

n ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sf]if dfkm{t\

l b'3{6gf aLdf

l dlxnf >ldsnfO{ ;'/lIft dft[Tj of]hgf

l a]/f]huf/L ;'/Iff of]hgf

l cfl>t kl/jf/ ;'/Iff of]hgf

g]kfnL sf+u|];n]casf]kfFr jif{ leq v'›]ljt/0fd'vL sfo{qmd xf]Og, k|To]s g]kfnLn]

;Ddfghgs hLjgofkg ug{;Sg]u/L Pp6f PsLs[t ;fdflhs ;'/Iff Kofs]h Nofpg]5 .

ul/aLsf]cGTo, sf+u|];sf]uGtAo eGg]gf/fnfO{;fy{s agfpg cfhsf]d'Nodf k|To]s

3/w'/Lsf]cfwf/e"t jflif{s cfo ?= Ps nfv eGbf sd gx'g]u/L, b'?kof]u /f]Sb}, :df6{

sf8{sf dfWodaf6 dflysf sfo{qmdx?sf]PsLs[t Kofs]h nfu'ul/g]5 .

Page 82 of 84

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sf+u|]; g} lsg < xfd|f k|d'v d'2f

!= cltjfbsf] k|ltjfbM sDo'lgi6 cfj/0fdf pbfpg vf]h]sf] e|i6 rl/qsf]

clwgfosjfbL b'M:jKgnfO{ k/f:t ub}{ c;n zf;g k|Tofe"t ug]{ dWodfuL{

nf]stGqsf];anLs/0fsf nflu g]kfnL sf+u|]; .

@= /f]huf/d"ns j[l4M csf]{bzs /fli6«o k'ghf{u/0fsf]sfnv08 x'g]/ g]kfnnfO{

lbuf] ljsf;df cu|0fL, dWod cfo ePsf] d'n's agfpg ce"tk"j{ ultdf

k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f Pj+ gLltut ;'wf/sf sfo{qmd dfkm{t :jb]zL / ljb]zL k'+hL

kl/rfng / /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug{sf nflu g]kfnL sf+u|]; .

#= sNof0fsf/L /fHoM aLkL sf]O/fnfsf]cfbz{ cg'?k nf]stflGqs ;dfhjfbL

/fHo hxfF:t/Lo lzIff / :jf:Yo ;]jf nufot r':t ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;'lglZrt

x'G5, To:tf];dtfd"ns ;dfh :yfkgf ub}{hf]lvddf afFRg]g]kfnLx?sf];+Vof

Go"g x'g]u/L @!cf}+ ztfAbL cg's'n ;fdflhs ;'/Iff Kofs]hsf]dxTjfsf+IfL

of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu g]kfnL sf+u|]; .

$= b]z hf]8\g] ;+3LotfM kof{Kt ;|f]t ;fwg, clwsf/, Ifdtf / hjfkmb]xL

;lxtsf :yfgLo, k|fb]lzs / ;+3Lo ;/sf/ h;n]PsLs[t /fli6«o cy{tGq

dfkm{t lxdfn, kxf8 / dw]znfO{ Pstfsf]dfnfdf pGg]5g\, ltgsf];kmn

;+rfngsf nflu g]kfnL sf+u|]; .

%= ;fj{ef}d ;dfgtfM l5d]sL /fi6«x?;+u ;Gt'lnt / ;Ddfghgs s"6gLlts

;DaGw sfod ub}{cfly{s cGtlg{e{/tf, hnjfo'kl/jt{g / cft+sjfb h:tf

;femf d'2fdf ;xsfo{ ug{cGt/f{li6«o ljZj;gLotf ePsf]g]kfnL sf+u|]; .

^= ;+qmd0fsfnLg GofoM ;z:q åGå–sfnLg d'2fsf] lg?k0f, cfd kLl8t

hgtfdf Gofosf] k|Tofe"lt / zflGt ;Demf}tfnfO{ ljlwjt 6'+uf]df k'¥ofpg

zflGt k|lqmofsf]e/kbf]{ g]t[Tjstf{ g]kfnL sf+u|]; .

&= ;fdflhs–wfld{s ;b\efjM ;dfhsf x/]s ;d"x / ju{jLr l;h{gfTds ;xsfo{

/ ;b\efj sfod u/fpg];+3–;+:yf Pj+ ;gftgb]lv rlncfPsf]wd{, k/Dk/f /

;+:s[ltsf];+/If0f / k|j4{g ug{sf lgDtL P]ltxfl;s g]kfnL sf+u|]; .

cg';"rL $

Page 83 of 84

83

g]kfnL sf+u|];sf gf/fx?

sf+u|];sf] lht

;a}sf] lxt

lxdfn, kxf8, dw]z

;a}nfO{ hf]8\g] sf+u|];

g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] b[li6

pRr / lbuf] cfly{s j[l4

sf+u|];sf] uGtJo

ul/aLsf] cGTo

sf+u|];sf] k|0f

dlxnf ;zlQms/0f

sf+u|];sf] OR5f

;j}sf nflu ;fdflhs ;'/Iff

?vdf dtbfg

nf]stGqsf] ;Ddfg

g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] cleofg

klxrfg / ljljwtfsf] ;Ddfg

ls;fgsf] kf6L{, >ldssf] ;fyL

g]kfnL sf+u|]; g]kfnsf] nflu

hgtfsf] hudf p7\5 nf]stGqsf] klxrfg

o;}sf nflu lbPsf x'g\ zxLbn] Hofg

ljrf/ k'¥ofpF Ps} ef]6n] lbG5 b]zsf] lgsf;

zflGt, l:y/tf, ;d[l4 / ljsf;

Page 84 of 84

84

k|sfzsM

g]kfnL sf+u|];

s]Gb|Lo sfof{no

aL=kL= gu/, ;fg]kf, nlntk'/

@)&$

¿v lrGxdf dtbfg u/f}+

g]kfnL sf+u|];nfO{ lhtfcf}+

g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] ;/sf/

nf]stGq, /fli6«o Pstf / ;d[l4sf] cfwf/